Parry, John Jay/ Brut Y Brenhinedd, Cotton Cleopatra version.
Edited and translated by J. J. PARRY. Medieval Academy Books, No. 27 (1937).


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THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA
PUBLICATION No. 27



BRUT Y BRENHINEDD
COTTON CLEOPATRA VERSION

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BRUT Y BRENHINEDD
COTTON CLEOPATRA VERSION




edited and translated by
JOHN JAY PARRY
Associate Professor of English
University of Illinois



THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

1937


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The publication of this book was made possible by grants of
funds to the Academy from the Carnegie Corporation of
New York and the American Council of Learned Societies




Copyright

BY

THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA

1937

Printed in U. S. A.




printed by the waverly press, inc.

baltimore, maryland


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PREFACE

Under the auspices of the Mediaeval Academy, a conference of persons interested in the study of Geoffrey of Monmouth was held on 1 and 2 January 1933, at the University of Chicago. Among the subjects discussed at this meeting was that of the Welsh versions of the Historia Regum Britanniae, and it was agreed that from the literary point of view, which is the one of most interest to scholars in the United States, the text most deserving of publication was that found in the Cotton Cleopatra manuscript and in the Book of Basingwerk, and the next in interest was that of Llanstephan 1 and Havod 2. The present volume has grown out of that discussion. The general form of it was determined by the conference, the only departure of any importance from the plans there outlined being in the matter of the publication of the Welsh text itself. The conference recommended that, since the manuscript is clearly and regularly written and is in a good state of preservation, the reproduction should be by a photographic process, giving to the users of the book the exact text of the original. Unfortunately this method of reproduction proved to be too costly, and it was necessary to substitute a text printed from type.

It was the sentiment of the conference that any Welsh text published in the United States should be accompanied by a translation, and that this translation ought to follow the original closely if it were to be of any use to scholars. With this admonition in mind I have followed the original more closely than I might otherwise have done. Many of my sentences are bad because they are bad in the Welsh; others are awkward because I did not feel justified in recasting sufficiently to get away from the wearisome repetitions of the same word or the loose and ambiguous references of the pronouns, faults which seem to have troubled the mediaeval story-teller less than they do the modern stylist.

In making my translation I met with a number of problems which I was unable to solve. That few of these remain is due to the kindness of Professor Mary Williams and Mr Stephen Williams of The University College of Swansea, who devoted much time and thought to answering my numerous questions. Neither one saw my translation, however, so that neither is in any way responsible for any errors that remain. Professor F. N. Robinson of Harvard University also gave me a number of helpful suggestions.

My work on the Welsh manuscripts of Geoffrey of Monmouth has been possible only because of the kindness of the Curator of Manuscripts at the British Museum and of two successive Librarians of the National Library of Wales who arranged to have photostatic copies made, and of the Librarian and the Dean of the Graduate School of the University of Illinois who authorized the purchase of these copies. Lastly I am indebted to the Carnegie Corporation of New York and to the American Council of Learned Societies, as well as to the Mediaeval Academy of America, for the grant of funds which made publication possible.

Urbana, Illinois
   6 June 1936

John Jay Parry


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CONTENTS


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INTRODUCTION

The History of the Kings of Britain has often been called one of the most influential books of the Middle Ages, and there is much justification for such a claim. Its popularity in its original form is attested by the fact that nearly two hundred manuscript copies are still extant,1 and in translations or extracts it reached into practically all countries of Western Europe. Of all the versions in the vernacular the most numerous but least studied are those in Welsh. Upwards of fifty manuscripts, representing at least three independent translations, are still in existence,2 and although many of these are very late they may preserve material that is centuries older, and they certainly attest to a popularity that lasted through the period of the Tudors. The Welsh people looked upon Geoffrey’s fiction as preserving the true history of their race, so that Henry the Seventh found it to his advantage to claim descent from Brutus, the first king of the island, and to trace his descent through the heroes of Geoffrey’s book.

The Welsh seem to have first become acquainted with these stories through the cyfarwydd or native story teller. Except in a few special cases such a man did not trouble himself to memorize the exact words of a story. He learned the names of the characters and a rather detailed summary of what they did, but he himself supplied the words in which the story was told, and he might not tell the story a second time in exactly the same way. Thus the standard version was early contaminated by material drawn from other sources, native and foreign, and, on the other hand, bits of Geoffrey’s narrative passed into local tradition. Corwen, for example, was named for “the famous Corwenna,” and on a hill near by are the stones she collected for its fortification but never used. In the neighborhood also is Moel Athrywyn, the “Bare Hill of Reconciliation,” so called because it was here that she brought about a peace between her two warring sons. A little further up the Alwen are Llys Dinmael, where Bran, marching from Dinas Bran, and Y Maes Mawr, where Beli, marching from Bala, first drew up their armies for battle.3 To assume that these stories were current before the time of Geoffrey seems to me to be beyond the bounds of reasonable probability.

It appears that the first written translation of the Historia into Welsh was made about the year 1200; the oldest known manuscript, which seems to contain the earliest version, is the so-called Dingestow Court Manuscript now in the National Library of Wales with the number Addit. 5266 B.4 Dr J. Gwenogvryn Evans in his introduction
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to the Red Book Bruts calls this “early XIIIth century,” and Mr Griscom (Y Cymmrodor, XXXV, 57) expresses the opinion that it is a copy of a still earlier manuscript, since on folio 2v (i.e., page 4) a whole sentence was written too soon and was expuncted and then written again in the proper place. Precisely the same thing happened on page 181, and on page 222 three words are written twice, but I cannot see that any of these examples precludes the possibility that the scribe was working from a Latin text and translating as he went along. On the other hand, on page 161 (which corresponds to folio 62v of the present edition) the scribe wrote “E calamistreit” which has been changed to “E pengrychion,” but the numerous corrections in this part of the manuscript are very probably by another hand. I cannot see that the evidence is conclusive either way.

Evans lists a number of later manuscripts which he believes belong to the same group as the Dingestow Court Manuscript, but he notes, “From the concluding words of Merlin’s prophecy to the end of the Brut the text of Nos. 5 and 6 [B. M. Addit. 19, 709 and the Red Book] differs from that of Nos. 1-4 [Dingestow Court, Peniarth 45, Peniarth 46, and Peniarth 22] and yet we have not even here independent translations. Certain agreements and differences in the wording of the six MSS. point to the probability of their being independent transcripts of a lost original.”1 In my opinion the kinship of this latter part of the Red Book is with the version of Llanstephan 1 rather than with that of Dingestow Court. Additional Manuscript 19, 709 I have not seen, but I believe that it agrees with the Red Book in changing from one version to another, since Kuno Meyer says in his introduction to John Strachan’s Introduction to Early Welsh (page ix), “He had brought back from Peniarth, from MSS. No. 22, 44, 45, and 46, a large number of variants to the Story of Lear, and that of Arthur, which he would no doubt have used for his notes. Those to Lear I have printed in an Appendix; but the Peniarth versions of Arthur seem to differ so much from those of the Red Book and the Additional MS. 19, 709, that they would have to be printed in full.” On the other hand, the variants from Addit. 19,709 which Strachan himself printed show few differences between that text and the Red Book in the story of Arthur. Evans believed that the British Museum manuscript was the source of this part of the Red Book.

Of only slightly later date are two other versions, Llanstephan 1 (formerly Shirburn Castle 113. C. 18), and Peniarth 44 (formerly Hengwrt 315). The first of these, which Evans dates as “1200-40,” and again as “second quarter of the XIIIth century,”2 impresses me as being a wholly different text from Dingestow Court, except in the prophecy of Merlin, where the two versions are similar. A large part of this manuscript has been lost, but those parts that remain are reproduced with remarkable fidelity in the almost complete Havod 2 in the Cardiff Public Library, and this seems to be a faithful copy made before the Llanstephan manuscript became imperfect. I believe we are justified in relying upon the Havod manuscript to fill the gaps in the
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other and in assuming that we have practically the whole of this version.1 Peniarth 265 (Hengwrt 439), which was written by John Jones while imprisoned in the Fleet in London in 1641, represents the same version but shows the variations characteristic of most Welsh manuscripts of the Historia. The Llanstephan version contains a considerable amount of additional material, such as the Lludd and Llevelys story, and some additions that seem to derive from classical sources.

I believe that a third independent translation from the Latin is represented by Peniarth 44 (formerly Hengwrt 315), which Evans calls “1200-40” and “first half of the XIIIth century.”2 Two gatherings of this manuscript are now bound up with Llanstephan 1 (pages 102-145), but even with these restored the text would be far from complete. It lacks, among other things, Merlin’s prophecy and most of the story of Arthur, and I have not yet found another manuscript which can be relied upon to fill the gaps. The parts that we have agree rather closely with Geoffrey’s Latin, but in words which often differ greatly from those used by either of the other early versions. There is an occasional attempt to reconcile native traditions with Geoffrey’s account, as in the statement, on what is now called page 143 of Llanstephan 1, that the mother of Gwalchmei (Gawain) was Anna, daughter of Uther, “and she was also called Gwyar.”

What seems to be still a fourth text is that presented in MS. Peniarth 21 (formerly Hengwrt 50) which Evans dates as “circa 1330-40,” and “? first half of the XIVth century.”3 Its version, he says, “does not agree verbally with that in any other MS. that is older,” but, in view of the great freedom with which a Welsh scribe was accustomed to treat the manuscript he was following, it is possible that this is merely one of the earlier versions distorted by a century of copying. If it is, I am unable to say which it was derived from; I find a few minor points which might suggest relationship to that of Dingestow Court, while Evans thought he detected a few resemblances to Llanstephan 1. The manuscript is very imperfect, and in places difficult to read, but the part dealing with Arthur is nearly complete. I have given selections from this in Appendix A, and the two facsimile plates give further samples from this manuscript. Evans believes that the late fifteenth-century Peniarth 23 is a transcript of Peniarth 21, but if one can judge from the brief passage he gives, it is not a literal copy, although it may represent the same version.

A fifth version is that found in Cotton Cleopatra B v and the Book of Basingwerk, which form the basis of the present edition. This text is so full of alterations and additions that it might almost be considered as presenting a new work in the same sense that the poems of Wace and Layamon do; its literary value is, however, very slight.

For the sake of convenience we may class the so-called Brut Tysilio as a sixth version, although I am convinced that it is nothing but an abridged and greatly corrupted
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form of the version found in more nearly its original form in Peniarth 21. The oldest manuscript to which the name Brut Tysilio has been applied is Jesus College 8 (formerly Jesus 61) at Oxford, a manuscript probably written about the year 1500. The same library possesses also a close copy, Jesus 19 (formerly Jesus 28), made in 1695 by Hugh Jones, and it appears to be from this manuscript that the Brut Tysilio was printed in the Myvyrian Archaiology in 1801.1 It was reprinted in the second edition in 1870, and a translation by Peter Roberts was published in London in 1811 under the title of The Chronicle of the Kings of Britain. A closer translation, preserving all the spellings of the proper names as they occur in Jesus 8, was made by Canon Robert Ellis Jones and included in Griscom’s edition of the Latin text.

A number of manuscripts contain compilations of history which include a considerable amount of material from Geoffrey but are not properly versions of the Historia; they are therefore not included in the present list.

The Cotton Cleopatra Version

The present edition takes as its basis the text found in manuscript Cotton Cleopatra B v in the British Museum, which is reprinted with the kind permission of the Curator of Manuscripts, Dr Robin Flower. Regarding the date of this manuscript there is considerable disagreement. A writer in the Cambrian Register for 1795 (I, 26) thought that it might be of the time of Richard I, the date at which the Brut y Saesson stops. Madden,2 de la Villemarqué,3 and W. F. Skene4 all attribute it to the latter part of the thirteenth century, T. D. Hardy5 calls it fourteenth-century, and Edward Owen6 and J. Gwenogvryn Evans7 believe it was written in the fifteenth century. This last is doubtless the most authoritative dating, although the handwriting certainly resembles that of a considerably earlier period; Evans explains this by saying that the manuscript is “written in an archaic style.”

There are three different styles of writing in the part of the manuscript devoted to the Historia, but all, I believe, are the work of the same man. He began in a large hand which may be seen in Plate XI of Griscom’s edition of the Historia, or Plate II of his article in Volume XXXVI of Y Cymmrodor. On folio 7r, in the middle of the first line, the writing suddenly becomes smaller, as though the scribe realized that he was using too much space, and the number of lines on a page increases from twenty-eight to thirty. On the remaining pages there are twenty-nine lines and this size of writing (illustrated in Plate I of this edition) predominates. There are a number of passages, most of them short, in a cramped and still smaller hand; Plate II shows
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this and how the scribe gradually slipped back into the freer style, as he often did. The idea that different men had a hand in the writing must accordingly be rejected.

The man who wrote this manuscript must have known Welsh, but his training had been mostly on Latin manuscripts. His conception of the duty of a scribe is not that of a man accustomed to working on Welsh texts. Such scribes were inclined to paraphrase rather than to copy, but our scribe, although careless at times, seems to have aimed at reproducing faithfully his exemplar; it is to this quality that I attribute variations in style and spelling that seem to bear no relation to the changing styles of writing. The abbreviations are more numerous than in most Welsh manuscripts and all are the common Latin abbreviations, although all of them occur at times in other Welsh manuscripts. The appearance of a page of Cotton Cleopatra B v is unlike that of any other Welsh manuscript that I have seen but is not greatly different from that of many Latin ones.

Another and inferior copy of the same version is found in the Book of Basingwerk, recently purchased by the National Library of Wales (after having been deposited in the library on loan) and given the catalogue number 7006.1 Like the other manuscript this contains also the Ystoria Daret and Ystoria Brenhined y Saeson. Of this manuscript John Williams ab Ithel wrote in 1860, “The prior part of this manuscript contains an imperfect version of the Chronicle of the Kings, written about the end of the fourteenth century; to supply the deficiency Guttyn Owain added the remainder from a dissimilar copy.”2 The changes in the handwriting and the spelling are obvious at a glance, yet in 1923 some one at the National Library informed Mr Griscom that the manuscript appeared to be throughout in the handwriting of Guttyn Owain and that it was certainly not written before the fifteenth century.3 The most recent official description says, however, “The first 88 pages are in a fourteenth century hand and the remainder was written by Gutyn Owain, a fifteenth century Welsh bard who is generally associated with the abbeys of Basingwerk and Strata Florida.”4 In my opinion this manuscript is not, as it has been said to be, a copy of Cotton Cleopatra B v, but both are derived from a common source, and occasionally the Book of Basingwerk has preserved what seems to be a better reading than the other; in general, however it is clear that both of the Basingwerk scribes treated their original with considerable freedom after the usual practice of Welsh copyists, so that we cannot rely upon them for the letter of their original. If there are still other manuscripts which follow this same version, as Evans suggests, they are all so late that they can hardly be of value and I have not examined them.5

Of this version only portions have hitherto appeared in print. Folios 1 to 21 of
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Cotton Cleopatra B v were printed with a translation in the Cambrian Register in 1795 and 1796 (I, 26-48; II, 25-52), and in 1811 a translation of pages 43-54, 101-103, and 123-126 of the Book of Basingwerk was included by Peter Roberts in his Chronicle of the Kings of Britain. Both are competent translations in the light of the Welsh scholarship of the time when they were made, but both are too free according to present standards.

The text of this Cotton Cleopatra version is a composite of various elements not elsewhere found together. The dedicatory chapter here appears in Welsh for the first time; such earlier versions as have it at all have it in Latin. Because of the mutilated condition of some of the manuscripts it is impossible to say that no version earlier than this ever had the dedication in Welsh, but I believe that the version the compiler was following did not.

The two prophecies also seem to be from a different source than the narrative portions of the text. That which is here called the Prophecy of the Eagle was known to Giraldus Cambrensis under another name by the year 1200 or thereabouts, for he gives extracts from it in the Expugnatio Hibernica1 as a prophecy of Merlin Sylvester. The full text is found in a number of later manuscripts, and from two of these I have reprinted it in Appendix B. Of the Welsh versions, I know but three that may possibly be earlier than that given here. That in the Red Book, columns 585ff., is very different from this. There is a fragment in Peniarth 16 (this part is of the fifteenth century) so stained that Evans found it practically impossible to read, and a text in Peniarth 47 (? fifteenth century), likewise difficult to decipher. Among later copies are one in Peniarth 27 which may be in Guttyn Owain’s own hand, and four different versions in the seventeenth-century Peniarth 311.

The Prophecy of Merlin is here given in a translation entirely different from the version of Dingestow Court and Llanstephan-Havod, and seems to be the work of the same man who translated the other Prophecy. Both are marked by the inadequacy of the translator’s knowledge of Latin. Doubtless the text from which he worked was corrupt and we can sometimes conjecture what stood in it, but more often we can see that his text was the same as ours and he misunderstood it. These two prophecies are also marked by common peculiarities of spelling and style. The most striking of these is the translator’s fondness for the verbs ending in -hau, and his invariable use of the third person singular of these verbs in its longer form. Forms like gwanhaa, newydhaa, cadarnhaa, ovynhaa, marwhaa, nessaa, blinhaa, daa, nythaha, and many others occur over and over again in these two parts but practically never elsewhere. Also noticeable is the frequent use of e for obscure y (rare in the rest of this text), which may indicate that it is a copy of a thirteenth-century manuscript,2 and the more frequent use of id for yd.

Other items in this version which I do not find in any other versions of the Historia are the elaborately worked out chronology, the chronicle on folios 39-40v (which
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must have a Latin source although I have not found it), and minor items such as those concerning Saint Bride and Theophilus the Scholar.

The remaining narrative portions bear every evidence of antedating this version and, as seems to be the case with so many of the Welsh translations of Geoffrey, appear to be drawn from two sources, as though the scribe had borrowed one manuscript to copy, had been obliged to return it before he finished, and had completed the work from another copy. The first part bears some resemblance in substance, but little in expression, to the Llanstephan-Havod version and may possibly be a much altered form of that. That version already contained the story of Lludd and Llevelis and the incident of the gods of Ascanius returning to Lavinium from Alba Longa which are included in the Cotton Cleopatra version. The narrative part here is mostly in simple straightforward Welsh with a good many stereotyped expressions into which the translator falls whenever conditions permit. The latter part of the narrative seems to be written in a somewhat more ornate style; the stereotyped expressions are still used but the translator is consciously striving for rhetorical effect. One mark of this is the more frequent use of those long strings of descriptive adjectives and adverbs which form so characteristic a feature of some Irish romances. There are also slight differences in vocabulary and in spelling, but nothing conclusive. Taking all the evidence together I am convinced that the different parts of the narrative are drawn from two different sources.

This conviction is strengthened by the fact that in the latter part I see a fairly close resemblance to the version of Peniarth 21, a resemblance that I do not detect in the first part. Just where the shift comes I cannot say, for Peniarth 21 has lost a number of pages between 16v and 17 (which correspond to 54 and 72v of Cotton Cleopatra) and the parallelism apparently begins somewhere in that interval. The Cotton Cleopatra text is the fuller of the two and appears to be the more correct; the Peniarth scribe evidently followed the usual custom of abridging and paraphrasing, while the other, I have assumed, copied what he had before him. To facilitate comparison of the two texts I have given in Appendix A a number of passages from Peniarth 21; I believe that any one who is familiar with the usual variations in Welsh texts will recognize many parallels. Some of the proper names seem to me particularly significant and I have included an unusually large proportion of passages in which these appear. One other point may be worth comment. On folio 85 Cotton Cleopatra tells us that the women showed themselves to the men “very willingly”—yr gweith diodev, which is literally “in spite of the work of suffering.” The Book of Basingwerk has or gwaith goddef, which means the same thing, but the scribe of Peniarth 21 evidently did not recognize the somewhat unusual idiom and wrote merely yr gweith, “in spite of the work,” which is hardly appropriate.

This text common to these two versions is represented in much more corrupt form by the Brut Tysilio. I find no indication that this and Peniarth 21 do not correspond throughout, although with the two diverging in different directions it is difficult to compare them except where we have something like an approximation to their common
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source, as we do in the latter part. Here it is even possible to show that one of the omissions in the Brut Tysilo (pages 469-474 of Griscom’s edition) is due to the fact that the scribe jumped from what corresponded to folio 88 of Cotton Cleopatra, “Telling him (yn menegi idav) that a giant of marvellous size had come from Spain,” to what corresponded to 89v, “Then he was told (y menegit idaw) that Lucius the emperor had camped near them.” Lesser omissions and variations are of the kind we find in the Book of Basingwerk, although the corruption is greater. One can observe a steady deterioration of the text from Cotton Cleopatra through Peniarth 21 and the Book of Basingwerk1—which stand on about equal terms although they have gone separate ways—down to Jesus 8, and I presume manuscripts might be found which depart even more widely.

Although the Cotton manuscript gives us a much better text than the Book of Basingwerk and, in the later part, a text better than that of either Peniarth 21 or Jesus 8, there are passages where it is clearly at fault, and in a few of them the Book of Basingwerk preserves what seems to be the correct reading, showing thereby that it is not copied from Cotton Cleopatra. On folio 6v the Cotton Cleopatra scribe jumped from gorvu to gorvu, and the Book of Basingwerk fills the gap; on 22 he jumped in a similar way from a oed to a oed. On 89 the sentence represented by note 10 seems to be part of the original, since Peniarth 21 has here Ac ynyr ymlad hwnnw y gorvv arthur hevyt. On 64v the fervebit of the Latin is better represented by Guttyn Owain’s a gymerw than by the Cotton a gymer chwa, and on 59, 70, 70v, B. B. distinguishes between Eidol Earl of Gloucester and Idwal the Bishop, and C. C. does not. Some of these passages are found in Guttyn Owain’s part and some in the earlier section, and there are others only slightly less convincing. At times it is difficult to distinguish between such cases and ones where the more difficult reading may be the better. On 100v I should be inclined to accept Guttyn Owain’s athrod (note 7) were it not for the fact that the Cotton Cleopatra text is supported by Peniarth 21 which has here (37r), y darvv yrwng edelflet ay wreic briawt. Guttyn Owain evidently took the other meaning of darvod and, thinking that the subject had dropped out, supplied one.

In a number of cases both manuscripts seem to be at fault, and unless the Book of Basingwerk is a copy of Cotton Cleopatra, which I do not believe, both must have been made from a common source which contained these errors. It is not impossible that this was the original manuscript of the version, but if so these errors must have been taken over from one of the sources. Most of the examples I have found are in the prophecies, where the Peniarth text is not available as a check. On 62 Cotton Cleopatra has yny bo llithredic y llawr, and the Book of Basingwerk, mistaking the construction (for which see B.B.C.S., I, 9) has oni vo llithredic yr llawr, yet the correct form almost certainly should be yny bo llithredic y llauur (emenso labore). On 62v a dygir and a ddygyrch must stand for a vygir (suffocabitur), and on 65v both manuscripts have chwyd, which must be an error for chwyth (anhelabit). On 67v corunawc and
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korvniawc seem to stand for cornawc (cornutus), while on 15 the a etiang of both manuscripts probably should be a diang, an attempt to translate the superstes of the Latin. On 90 Cotton Cleopatra has avnbyn deylu, the Book of Basingwerk has byddwch ddyvn a glewion, while Peniarth 21, which also has the passage, has (34r) A vn at the end of one line and byn deulu at the beginning of the next. It has been suggested to me that the proper form of the word was anu6yn, the modern anfwyn, and that it was miscopied from a manuscript which used the tall w, shaped somewhat like the numeral 6.

Since I consider the Cotton Cleopatra text very much closer to the original than is that of the Book of Basingwerk, I have reproduced the Cotton Cleopatra text as closely as type will permit.1 The abbreviations present few difficulties and there seemed to be no good reason why I should not expand them without comment.2 It may perhaps be noted that although the scribe occasionally uses a line over the vowel to indicate a nasal he does not do so often enough; his fairly frequent use of g for ng might be explained by the fact that he was copying from a manuscript that did this consistently, but the use of y for yn can hardly be due to anything but carelessness. When he divides a word at the end of a line it is his common practice to write a consonant twice—er-reidir, gym-mryt, ohon-nam, ryd-dit, yd-dunt, dec-get, pet-deir, caf-uas, chwit-theu, medyl-liaw, ell-lyt—which makes the word appear strange in my text. Sometimes these doubled consonants are found in the manuscript in words which are not divided, a fact that may indicate that in the exemplar they too came at the end of a line. The spacing is also confusing in this manuscript. Words which are closely connected in thought are written with a very narrow space or none at all between them; often it is impossible to determine whether the scribe intended any division at all, but where I thought there was the slightest justification I have, for the convenience of the reader, inserted a space. I did not, however, feel justified in doing so when there was no trace of division in the manuscript. Words added in the margin or between the lines I print within parentheses, marking them with a * if the addition seems clearly a late one.

In the foot-notes I have given a number of the more important variants from the Book of Basingwerk, and some of these I have included in the translation, where they are printed in italics to distinguish them from matter that is in Cotton Cleopatra. In many cases no change of meaning is involved, the two texts saying the same thing but in different words, and in such cases I have given the variant without a translation. To note all the differences between the two manuscripts would be impossible unless the two texts were printed side by side, and this would not be worth the cost. Except in special cases I have not recorded variants of the following kinds\.

  • 1.  Variations in spelling; variations in the spelling of proper names will be found in the index.
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  • 2.  Variations in the use of initial mutations, except where they seem to indicate a difference in meaning. Some other cases seem to indicate difference in grammatical practice, but most of the differences are merely orthographical.
  • 3.  Variations in word order except where these materially affect the meaning.
  • 4.  Minor variations in grammatical construction.
  • 5.  Omissions of words, phrases or clauses where such omissions seem to be due merely to the haste or carelessness of the scribe or to his desire to compress. Sometimes I have recorded such omissions merely to show why I cannot clear up a difficult passage by reference to the other text.

I have added also a few variants from Peniarth 21, but have not made a full collation of this text; the state of the manuscript would render this exceedingly difficult even for the parts that remain.

My translation is intended for those who wish to know what is in the Cotton Cleopatra version but have not an adequate knowledge of Welsh. For this reason I have made it as literal as I could without doing violence to the English language. Bad constructions and awkward or incomplete sentences in the Welsh are rendered by similarly bad English ones, but where the idea is expressed by a normal Welsh idiom I have had no hesitation in using the corresponding English one, believing that “very great love had their father for them” is a more accurate, as well as a more elegant, rendering of dirvawr gariad oed gan eu tad arnadunt than is “very great love was with their father on them.” Similarly “embrace,” is a better translation of mynet dwilaw mynwgyl than “go two-hand neck.” A few stereotyped expressions I have paraphrased. Y kavas yn y gynghor (“he got in his council”) I render “After consultation, he decided,” and Y kowssant yn ev kynghor by “After deliberation, they decided.” Yn hedwch tangnevedus (“in peaceful peace”) I render “in peace and quiet,” and llad yn olofrud (“kill murderously”) by “murder” or “kill without mercy.” Llawen wrtho oed Arthur sometimes means “Arthur made him welcome,” as well as “joyful to him was Arthur.” Minor errors of the scribe I have passed over without comment, but I have considered it no part of my duty to correct his errors in translating from the Latin.

The forms of proper names which I have adopted in the translation are not always the most correct but are those sanctioned by custom. One expects Goneril and Regan, Gawain and Guinevere, no matter how little justification there is in the Welsh for such forms. Sometimes I have approached nearer to the Welsh form, but in many cases my choice has been a purely arbitrary one. In the index, I have given all the forms which the name takes in the manuscripts, the most common ones being given first. When a form occurs only in the Book of Basingwerk I have given it in italics. The forms in parentheses are those of the Latin text for which these Welsh forms are used; in many cases they are not exact equivalents and in some they are not equivalents at all. For the sake of convenience I have adopted the forms preferred by Professor Faral in his edition of Geoffrey, but I have occasionally given others also if they agree more closely with the Welsh. In the case of these Latin names, italics are used to indicate that the name is not found at all in the manuscripts of the Historia—at least so far as these have been published—but is taken from some other Latin source.

Endnotes

 [1 ] Acton Griscom, The Historia Regum Britanniæ of Geoffrey of Monmouth (New York, 1929), pp. 550-584. A few additional manuscripts have come to light since Griscom’s census was taken.

 [2 ] Ibid., pp. 585-599.

 [3 ] Cofnodion a Chyfansoddiadau Buddugol Eisteddfod Blaenau Ffestiniog, 1898 (London, 1900), pp. 86, 89.

 [4 ] An edition of this manuscript has been prepared by a Welsh scholar and is now awaiting publication.

 [1 ] The Text of the Bruts, John Rhys and J. Gwenogvryn Evans eds. (Oxford, 1890), pp. xiii ff.

 [2 ] Text of the Bruts, p. xvi; Report on Manuscripts in the Welsh Language (London, 1898-1910), II, 419-20.

 [1 ] Evans (Report, II, 301) calls this “XVth century.” I have collated the two manuscripts and find that the differences are mostly minor variations in spelling. The two have some peculiarities in common, such as the irrational use of capitals in certain words.

 [2 ] Text, p. xvi; Report, I, 378.

 [3 ] Text, p. xvi; Report, I, 347.

 [1 ] Griscom, Historia, pp. 596-597.

 [2 ] Brut (London, 1847), III, 434.

 [3 ] Notices des principaux manuscrits des anciens Bretons; cited by Griscom in Y Cymmrodor, XXXVI, 3.

 [4 ] The Four Ancient Books of Wales (Edinburgh, 1868), I, 25.

 [5 ] Descriptive Catalogue of Materials Relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1862-71), II, 529.

 [6 ] Catalogue of the Manuscripts Relating to Wales (London, 1900-22), I, 35.

 [7 ] Text of the Bruts, p. xvi, and Report, II, 952.

 [1 ] Communication from Mr William Ll. Davies, the Librarian. To his kindness I am indebted for permission to reproduce facsimilies and portions of the text of the Book of Basingwerk and also MS. Peniarth 21.

 [2 ] Edition of Brut y Tywysogion in the Rolls Series, No. 17 (London, 1860), pp. xlvi-xlvii.

 [3 ] Y Cymmrodor, XXXV, 69-70.

 [4 ] National Library of Wales, Annual Report for 1933-1934, p. 35.

 [5 ] For example, Peniarth 264, Llanstephan 149, Jesus 6 (141), and B. M. Addit. 15,566. Peniarth 25 follows the Book of Basingwerk up to fol. 31 of this edition; from there on, it is greatly abridged and breaks off on 70 v.

 [1 ] Rolls Series, No. 21 (London, 1861-91), V, 276, 279, 300-301, 366, 381.

 [2 ] B.B.C.S., II, 283.

 [1 ] Departures from the Cotton Cleopatra text are more numerous in Guttyn Owain’s part of the Book of Basingwerk than in the earlier part (although there are many here too), and they become still more numerous as he goes on.

 [1 ] The original plan was to reproduce the text by photography, and for this reason all of the variants were placed with the translation; financial reasons made it necessary to change this plan and print the text from type.

 [2 ] There are only two cases where I felt any doubt. In the name Hymyr I have rendered the -er sign -yr, since the name is so written whenever it is spelled out, and in dates I have rendered ann as annorum (Welsh o vlwynyded).


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BRUT Y BRENHINEDD COTTON CLEOPATRA VERSION


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Fol. 1y llyuyr hwnn aelwir y brut nyt amgen noc ystoriaeu brenhined ynys brydeyn ac ev henweu or kyntaf hyt y diwethaf.

Pan yttoedwn yn vynych yn treiglaw medylieu llawer. ac am lawer o betheu vy medwl adigwidws yn ystoriaeu brenhined ynys brydein. ac y bu anryuet gennyf am draetheaut gildas. a beda. mor dywyll. ac na choffaassant or brenhinet a vuant yn ynys brydein kyn dyuot crist yn gnawt. nac o arthur nac o lawer o vrenhinet ereill a vuant gwedy knawtdoliaeth crist. Ry gawsswn inheu ac yr glywsswn bot ev gweithredoed yn deilwng o uoliant ac yngoffadwy trwy lythyr y gan lawer o bobloed. ac yn didanwch ganthunt traethu onadunt ac ev dydwyn ar gof. Ac ual yr yttoedwn yn yssmalhau am hynny. y rodes ym gwallter archdiagon ryt ychen llyuyr kymraec ac yndaw gweithredoed brenhinet ynys brydein. o vruttus y brenhin kyntaf or bryttannieit hyt ar gadwallawn vab katuan. a gweithret pob vn gwdy y gilit ol yn ol. o ymadrodyon trwiadyl llwybreit yndaw hard urth eu datkanu. Ac o arch ac annoc yr athro hwnnw kyt gorfei arnaf kynullaw geirieu ystronawl o ardeu ereill. eissioes om coydiawl ethrylit am priaut binnieu vy hvn y prydereis trossi ac ymchwe lut y llyuyr kymraec hwnnw yn lladin.Fol. 1v canis pei llanwn y lletwynebeu o amgylchion geirieu; magu blinder a wnay mwy no digrifwch neu grynodeb yr ae darllenei. canys blinach oed dyall y geirieu ystronawl no darllein yr ystoria. Ac urth hynny Robert tywyssauc caer loyw canorthwya ym gweithreti. yny vo tydy yn ganmolwr ac yn dysgwr yn emendaher yr hynn ny barner y dyuot yn llwybreid ofynhonic Gwallter o aber Mynw[] namyn gan ganmawl dy doethineb di dywetter pan yw y llyuyr ae draethaut yw yr hwn a enis yr arderchawc henri vrenhin lloygyr. yr hwn yssyd dysgedic o doethineb yrydyon geluydodeu. yr vn a wnaeth yanyanawl voledigrwyd yn ragoredic ym milwriaeth ymplith ymarchogion. o honadunt yma ynys brydein yn an amseroed ny yn llawenhau odragywydawl diheuwyt.

Brytain yw henw yr orev or ynysset a elwit weith arall gynt albion. sef oed hynny y wen ynys yssyd ossodedic y rwng freinc ac ywerdon. wyth cant milltir yny hyt. a deu cant yny llet. ac a ymwassanaetha o aniffigiedic frwithlonder a vo reit y aruer yr rei marwaul. frwythlawn yw y bob ryw genedyl adwyn. Meisyd lly dan ehang. a brynnyeu eglur goruchel adas y bop ryw diwyll.Fol. 2 yny rei ydeuant amrauaelon frwitheu ofrwithlonder y dywarchen yn ev amseroed. yndi y mae coydyd aforesteu kyflawn o amrauaylion bwystuilet. ac yn eithauoed y rei hynny lleoed adas y borueyt aniueilieit gwylt a dof. a chyflawn o amrauaelion blodeuoed amryw lliwioed adas ywenyn kynullaw eu frwitheu. ac adan yr awyraul vynyded y mae fynhonyeu eglur. ac yn eu kylch wynt gweirglodieu gwastat bonhedigeit kyflawn o vlodeu. trwy y rei y kerda dwfyr yfynhonyeu yn frydeu gan lithraw o araf odwrd gan didanu y hunaw a orwedo ar ev glanneu. ac yd ardymherant eu kylchyn. y am hynny frwithlawn yw y pysgodlynneu. ac auonyd o bysgawt. hep y mor yssyd yny chylch ogylch. ac y wrth y deheu teir avon bonhedic o brif auonyd yssyd yndi. nyt amgen. temys. ahumyr. a hafren. megys tri breich yn ystynnu ar y hyt. Ac ar eu hyt wynte y deuant y kyfnewidieu yr ynys drwy uordwy o ynyssoed ereill y gan pob ryw genedyl. Ac yndi yd oed gynt wyth prif dinas argueint yny thecgau. a rey onadunt a diwreidwyt ac adiuahwyt. ereill onadunt yssyd gyuan gyuannet athemleu seint yndunt.Fol. 2v achestyll athyreu goruchel. ac yny temleu hynny y mae kwuennoed kreuydus o wyr agwraged yn rodi eu gwassanaeth y duw herwyt cristionogaul aruer. Ac yny diwet hwn pymp kenedyl yssyd yny chyuanhedu nyd amgen. normanyeit. bryttannyeit. saesson. fichtieit. ac ysgottieit. ac o hynny oll nyd oed gynt yny medu or mor pwy gilyd namyn bryttannieit eu hun. yny doeth dwywaul dial arnadunt am eu pechodeu. ac yn bennaf am eu syberwyt y darystyngassant yr fichtieit ar saesson. Mal y doethant ac or lle y doethant ef ageffir rac llaw.

Eneas ysgwydwyn gwedy ymlat troea a distriw yr gaer ef adoeth odena hyt vor tu ar eidial ef ac ascanius y vab er hwn a enessyt o creusa verch priaf vrenhyn tro. wynt adoethant wyth long arugeint or llongeu a athoed gan alexander paris gynt hyt yn groec y gribdeiliaw Elen vannawc gyt ac eneas. Sef riuedi a doeth gyd ac ef wyth mil a phedwar vgein rwng gwyr a gwraged a hen a ieuweing. A gwedy eu ryuod yn kylchynu amrauaylion draetheu y doethant hyt ymron y tir. sef oed yr eidial gwlat ruuein. a latinus a oed brenhyn yn yr eidial yna. a gwedy gwelet y llynges anvon a oruc y wybod pryw wyr oedynt. a gwedy y venegi idaw.Fol. 3 eruynneit a orugant idaw ganneat ydyuot yr tir ybrynu ev anghenreidieu drwy gedernyt na wnelyd argywed y neb or kyuoeth. ac wynt ay caussant. ac y gwahodes latinus brenhin yr eidial. eneas eu gastell ay oreu gwyr gyd ac ef. ac yna ygwelas eneas lauinia verch latinus vrenhin. a diheu oed gan bawb or ay gwelas na welsant erioed dyn gyuiret a hi. ac yna y kyflenwys eneas oy charyat hyt nat oed idaw beuwyd hebdi. a gwedy ymadnabot ar brenhin ac ymgedymeithaw ac ef erchi y vorwyn a oruc yn wreic bwys idaw. ac yna ymenegis y brenhin ry daruot y hadaw y turnus brenhin rutil. gwedy gwybod o eneas hynny ervynneit aoruc gadel ryngthaw ef a turnus am y vorwyn. ac adaw aoruc latinus hynny rac meynt y carei ef eneas. A gwedy gwybot o turnus hynny lluhudaw aoruc am ben kyuoeth latinus. ac yny erbyn ydoeth eneas ay lu. agwedy dyuot ydeu lu wyneb yn wyneb. erchi aoruc turnus yeneas canys ryngthunt ell deu yd oed ymrysson am y vorwyn. gadel yr deu lu bot en segur. ac ymlat onadunt wynteu yll deu ar ostec rwg y deu lu ar neb a orffei onadunt kymeret y vorwyn. nyd oed well gan eneas dym no hynny. Ac yna ymgyrchu or deu wr ac ymlat yn wychyr creulon yny dorres eu gwaeuwyr hyt eu dyrnneu.Fol. 3v ac eu cledyfeu hyt eu clowynneu a oed diayreb eu cadarnhet yn ystoria gwyr ruuein. ac yna ymauel ell deu oangerd amilwriaeth corf yn erbyn corf. ac ual yteruyna duw pob tynghetuen y goruu eneas ar turnus ac ylladawt ef turnus. ac y kymmyrth gwriogaeth y wyr. ac y goresgynawd y holl gyuoeth. ac y kymyrth lauinia yn wreic bwis idaw. ac y bu yn kyt wleduchu a latinus brenhin yr eidial pymp mlyned. ac yna y bu varw latinus. ac y kymyrth eneas llywodraeth ydyrnas yn eidaw ehun. ac awnaeth dinas ac ay gelwys yn lauinium. ac y beichioges lauinia ac agauas mab a elwyd siluius. ac y gwledychawt eneas en er eidial gwedy latinus pedeir blyned. A gwedy marw eneas ac na allei lauinia llywiaw ydyrnas. ef arodet siluius ar vaeth ar ascanius y vraud allywodraet y deyrnas ganthaw. yny vythei oedran ar y mab. ac ef agarei lauinia yn vwy no y vam ehvn. aphob peth or auynnei hi ef ay gwnay. ac ef a wnaeth dinas ar avon tyberis ac ay gelwis y wen hir. ac ef aberis kyrchu er ysteuyll awnathoed y dad ar geu dwyweu o lauinium hyt y wen hir. ar dwyweu a ymchweiliassant hyt yn lauinium dracheukeuyn. ac y peris ascanius eu kyrchu yr eilweith hyt yno. Ac vn mab a oed y ascanius oy wreic briawt a rac meynt y carey ef y vrawd y peris ef dodi henw y vrawd arnaw siluius.Fol. 4 a phan yttoed yn gallu kerdet adywedud y ducpwyt y mab hyt yn llys lauinia ydysgu moes a mynud. ac yna y beichioges ef nith y lauinia. ac yna ykeisiwd dewinion y wybot ar pabeth yd oed hi yn veichiawc. ac ymenegit pan yw ar vab. armab hwnnw aladei y vam ay dad ac yny diwed ef a ymdrechauei yngoruchelder teyrnassoed. ac nys twyllawd ev dewindabayth. ac ascanus a wledychawd yn er eidial teirblynet ardec arugeint. ac yno yd edewis llywodraeth y dyrnas y siluius y vrawt. ac ny chongles ynteu ar siluius y nei vab y vrawt ac a aethassei ar y henw ynteu. namyn rodi idaw ran vawr oy gyuoeth. a phan oed amser geni ymab a dywetpwyt vchot. y mab a anet yn diargywed ay vam a uu varw or beichiogi. ac y rodet y mab ar vaeth. ac ydodet henw arnaw brutus. Aphan yttoed y mab yn oedran pymthegmlwyd ydoeth ef y ymwelet ay dad. a diwyrnawt mal yr yttoedynt yn hely mewn forest. ar mab adan brenn. ay dad a dan brenn arall. ef adoeth yr hydgant ryngthunt yll deu. ac y byriawd y mab vn or hydgant a saeth. ac y neidiawt y saeth iargeuyn vn or keiriw yny vu adan vron y dad. ac or ergyt anodun hwnnw y bu uarw y dad. Gwedy gwelet o doeth eon gwlat ruuein mor dybryt ydamchweineu ef ahynny.Fol. 4v y alltudaw a orugant ef or ynys. Ac yna y kyrchawt brutus groec ac ymrodi a oruc ef y arueu. y ymwaneu. ac y tornemanneu. yny yttoed y glod yn hehedec dros wyneb y teyrnassoed. canys hael oed a doeth a thec athelediw. achryf adewr. adigryf acharedic gan bawb. a phop da or byd or adamchweinei idaw. ef ay rodei y bawb or ay mynney. Agwedy gwelet o weligord. Elenus vap priaf yr hwnn adugassei pyr uab achel ganthaw gynt o droea y dial angheu y dad. brutus mor lwydiannus ac ydoed. dyuot a orugant attaw ac ymgystlwn ac ef ev hanuot or vn genedyl a menegi meynt oed eu kaythiwet ac ev poen adan pandrassus vrenhin groec. ac eruynneit yr duw keisiaw ohonaw ev dwyn or gaethiwet honno. canys gwell oed ganthunt diodef gloes angheu no bod yn y geythiwet honno. A gwedy dyall o brutus eu kerennyt ac ef. a meint oed eu poen ac eu gouyt. kyt doluriaw ac wynt a oruc. hyt nad oed well ganthaw y vew no y varw. Agwedy medyliaw llawer am hynny menegi aorugant y assaracus canys mam hwnnw ahanoed o troea. ay dad ahanoed o roec. aphan uw varw ydad ef a edewys y assaracus y vab tri chastell canys o garadas y cat. ay vraut yr hwnn a hanoed or gwely priawt yn vynych yn keisiaw dwyn y kestill hynny yarnaw.Fol. 5 canys y vam ef ay dad ahanoed o roec. ac ynteu yn deduawl. A gwedy ymgynghor o brutus ac assaracus. yn eu kynghor y cawssant edrych pa amkan o wyr ymlad y gellit dyuot ydaw. sef y caffant o wyr da hep gwraged na meibion seith mil. A gwedy dyuot hynny o wyr y gyd yn eu kyghor y caussant gwneithur brutus yn dywyssawc arnadunt. achadarnhau tri chastell assaracus o wyr ac arueu. a bwyd a diawt. ac ermygion ymlad. a gwedy daruot ydunt hynny. kyrchu a oruc brutus ac assaracus ac eu niueroed ac eu hanreithieu y diffeith coedyd. ac anuon llythyr ar pandrassus vrenhin groec. a llyma mod y llythyr.

This book is called the Brut, that is, the Histories of Kings of the Isle of Britain and their names, from the first to the last.

41When I was often turning over many thoughts and about many things, my thought fell upon the histories of the kings of the Isle of Britain, and it was a marvel to me that the treatise of Gildas and Bede was so obscure, and that they made no remembrance of the kings who were in the Isle of Britain before the coming of Christ in the flesh, or of Arthur, or of many other kings who were after the incarnation of Christ. I was finding and hearing that their deeds were worthy of praise and of being remembered in writing among many peoples, and that to those it was a delight to speak of them and to keep them in mind. And while I was dallying over these things, Walter Archdeacon of Oxford gave me a Welsh book in which were deeds of the kings of the Isle of Britain from Brutus, the first king of the Britons, / to Cadwaladr son of1 Cadwallon son of Cadvan, and the deeds of each,41b one after the other in order, in thoroughly straightforward language, beautiful for recitation. And at the request and exhortation of this master, although I was forced to gather strange words from other men’s gardens, yet with my sylvan talent and my own pens, I took the trouble to turn and render
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this Welsh book into Latin. For if I should fill the pages with circumlocutions it would make more trouble than pleasure or profit for those who might read it, since it was more troublesome to understand the strange words than to read the history. Therefore, Robert Prince of Gloucester, give aid to my work so that you may be a praiser and an instructor until1 that is amended which may not be judged to come readily from the little fountain of Walter of Monmouth, but with praise of your wisdom it may be said that it is this book and its contents which were born to the noble Henry King of England who is learned in the wisdom of the liberal arts,42 / the same whose natural praiseworthiness made him notable for his military prowess among the knights, those in whom, here in our days, the Isle of Britain rejoices2 in everlasting affection.3

Britain is the name of the best of islands, which at another time used to be called Albion—that is the White Island—which is placed between France and Ireland, eight hundred miles in its length and two hundred in its breadth; and out of unfailing fertility it provides whatever is necessary for the use of mortals. It is fruitful in all manner of kinds of metals,
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immense broad fields and splendid high hills, suitable for every kind of cultivation, in which, from the fruitfulness of the turf, come all sorts of fruits in their season; in it are woods and forests filled with different kinds of beasts, and in their depths places suited for pasture for animals, wild and tame, and full of all sorts of flowers of different colors, whose fruits are suitable for the bees to gather. And beneath the airy / mountains are clear springs, and about them noble level meadows,42b full of flowers, through which the water of the springs runs, gliding along with slow murmur, diverting to slumber those who lie on their banks, and they temper their surroundings. Furthermore it is fruitful in fish-ponds and rivers of fish, besides the sea which circles it about; and toward the south, among the chief rivers that are in it, three noble rivers, namely, Thames and Humber and Severn, like three arms, stretch across it. And along them commerce comes from oversea to the island from all sorts of nations of other islands. And in it there were formerly twenty-eight chief cities which adorned it; and some of them have been uprooted and destroyed; others of them are completely inhabited1
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with temples of the saints in them, and castles and high towers: and in those temples are devout congregations of men and women, giving their service to God according to the Christian practice.43 And / in this latter day five nations inhabit it, the Normans, the Britons, the Saxons, the Picts, and the Scots; and of all these formerly only the Britons themselves possessed it from sea to sea, until the divine vengeance came upon them for their sins. And especially on account of their pride were they subjugated to the Picts and the Saxons. How they came and whence they came will be found hereafter.

Æneas Whiteshield, after the fight of Troy and the destruction of the city, came thence over sea to Italy, he and Ascanius his son who was born of Creusa, daughter of Priam King of Troy. There came with Aeneas twenty-eight ships of the ships that formerly had gone into Greece with Alexander Paris to take by violence Helen with the Spot. The number of people1 who came with him were eight thousand and eighty,2 between men and women, and old and young. And after they had coasted about various shores they drew near to the land, that was Italy in3 the land of Rome,43b and Latinus was then king / in Italy. And after he had seen the fleet he sent to know what sort of men4 they were. And after
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he had been informed, they asked him for permission to land to buy their necessities, on the pledge that they would do no harm to any one of his dominion, and they got it. And Latinus King of Italy invited Aeneas to his castle with his leading men. And there Aeneas saw Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus the king, and all who saw her were sure they had never seen a woman as beautiful as she. And then Aeneas was filled with love of her, until there was no life for him without her. And after he and the king had come to know each other and had become friends, he asked for the maiden as a bride. And then the king informed him that she had been promised to Turnus King of the Rutulians. When Aeneas knew this he asked that the matter of the girl should be left between him and Turnus, and Latinus promised this, so greatly did he love Aeneas. And when Turnus knew this, he mustered his army against Latinus’s dominion, and against him came Aeneas and his army.44 And after / the two armies had come face to face, Turnus asked Aeneas, since the dispute over the maiden was between the two of them, to let the two armies stand at ease while they fought publicly between the two armies, and the one of them that was victorious should take the maiden. Nothing was more pleasing to Aeneas than that. And then the two men rushed together and fought boldly and fiercely, until
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their spears were shivered to their hilts and their swords to their guards, and the might of them became a proverb in the history of the Romans. And then the two seized hold of each other, body to body, in rage and hardihood. And as God brings to an end every destiny, Aeneas defeated Turnus; and he slew Turnus and took the homage of his men, and conquered his whole dominion, and took Lavinia to himself as a bride. And he was co-ruler with Latinus King of Italy for five years, and then Latinus died and Aeneas took the government of the kingdom into his own control. And he made a city and called it Lavinium. And then Lavinia conceived and bore a son who was called Silvius.44b And / Aeneas reigned in Italy after Latinus four years.

And after Aeneas was dead and Lavinia could not govern the kingdom, Silvius was given to his brother Ascanius to foster, and the government of the kingdom with him, until the boy should come of age. And he [Ascanius] loved Lavinia more than his own mother, and everything she wished he would do. And he made a city on the River Tibur and he called it the Long White [City]. And he had the chambers which his father had made, and the false gods, taken from Lavinium to the Long White [City]. And the gods returned to Lavinium again,1 and Ascanuis had them taken there a second time.

And Ascanius had one son by his wedded wife
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and he loved his brother1 so much that he caused him to be named Silvius after his brother. And when he was able to walk and talk the boy was taken2 to the court of Lavinia to learn manners and morals. And there he got with child a niece of Lavinia. And then the soothsayers were sought, to know with what she was pregnant. And it was announced that it was with a boy, and that this boy should kill his mother and his father, and at length rise to high things / in the kingdoms.45 And their divination did not deceive them.3

And Ascanius reigned in Italy thirty-three years, and then he left the government of the kingdom to his brother Silvius. And he, in his turn, did not stint (?) his nephew Silvius, his brother’s son who went under his name, but he gave him a great part of his kingdom. And when the time had come for the birth of the boy who was mentioned above, the boy was born unharmed and his mother died in bearing him.4 And the boy was given out to foster and was named Brutus. And when the boy was fifteen years of age he came to visit his father. And one day, as they were hunting in the forest and the boy under one tree and his father under another tree, the deer came between them and the boy shot one of the deer5 with an arrow. And the arrow glanced from the back of one of the stags6 so that it lodged under his father’s breast, and of this accidental shot his father died. After the wise
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men of the land of Rome had seen that such a terrible thing as this had happened to him,45b they banished him from the island. And / then Brutus went to Greece and devoted himself to arms, to jousts, and to tournaments, until his fame flew over the face of the kingdoms, for he was open-handed, and wise, and handsome, and comely, and strong, and brave, and agreeable, and loved by all; and all good things in the world that fell to him he would give to any one who desired them.

And after the tribe of Helenus Priam’s son, which Pyrrhus the son of Achilles had earlier taken with him from Troy to avenge his father’s death, saw that Brutus was so successful as he was, they came to him and allied themselves to him [because of] their descent from the same nation; and they told him how heavy were their servitude and their suffering under Pandrasus the Greek king, and they asked him for God’s sake to try to deliver them from this servitude, for they would rather suffer the pain of death than remain in that servitude.1 And after Brutus understood their kinship with him and how great were their suffering and their affliction, he sympathized2 with them so that it was all one to him whether he lived or died. And after they had thought about this a great deal, they sent word to Assaracus, for his mother was sprung from Troy and his father / from Greece.46 And when his father died he left three castles to his son3 Assaracus, for he got him4 in a liaison. And his brother who
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was born of the marriage bed often tried to take these castles away from him, since his own father and mother were of Greek descent and he was legitimate. And after Brutus and Assaracus had conferred, they decided to see how many1 fighting men could join them; and what they found was seven thousand good men, besides women and children. And after these men had assembled and consulted together, they decided2 to make Brutus prince over them and to fortify the three castles of Assaracus with men and arms and food and drink and engines of war. And after they had done that, Brutus and Assaracus and their troops and their spoil with them3 went to the wastes of the woods, and sent a letter to Pandrasus the Greek king. And this was the style4 of the letter.

Pandrassus vrenhin groec. brutus tywyssawc gwedillion kenedyl tro. yn anuon annerch. canys anheilwng oed. y eglurder kenedyl dardan traethu eu buched yth teyrnas di. yn amgen noc ydissyuei eglurder eu boned wynt. am hynny y kymyrth y genedyl tywyssawc y coedyt y eu cudiaw yndunt. gan dewissaw ymborth ual aniueilieit ar gic amrwt allyssieuoed achynnal eu buched gan ryddit nogyd diodef avei hwy dan wed de geithiwet di ac ymborth ar bop kyfryw drythyllwc. ac os hynny agoda goruchelder dyuediant ti. ny de leir nae ygerydu na y liwiau ydunt namyn y vadeu pan vo kyffredyn ynni y bop caeth mynnu ymchwelut ar y hen deilyngdaut ay ryddit.Fol. 5v ac vrth hynny kyffroa odrugaret atheilynga canhyadu oth ehelaethder y ryddit agollassant. agad vdunt presswyliaw ydiffeithwch a achubassant y fo rac eu keithiwet. ac ony wnei hynny canyhatta vdunt gan dy vod ath cariat mynet ywladoed ereill y geissiaw eu ryddit.

A gwedy menegi ystyr y llythyr y pandrassus vrenhin groec. ennydu aoruc dieithyr mod. aryuedu llauassu onadunt anuon kyfriw lythyr a hwnnw. Ac yna kynullaw llu aoruc hep olud y dyuot am ev penn y ev llad yn olofrudd. a gwedy eu dyuot ar auon ascalon oed y henw. kyrchu yr auon a orugant herwyd eu llit ac eu hangerd. a gwedy gwelet o brutus wynt gwedy eu dyuot drwot yr amkan y gallei ef ymerbynneit ac wynt. kyrchu aoruc yn eu plith ay lu gyt ac ef megis llew diwal ymplith llawer odeueit. ac oeu holl nerthoed eu llat yn olofrud. ac ar ny las onadunt. wynt a gymellwyt yr auon y eu bodi. A gwedy gwelet o antigonus brawt y pandrassus vrenhin groec yr aerua honno. neilltuaw a oruc ay oreugwyr gyd ac ef. y geisiaw ev hamdiffin. Ac yna y dalpwyt antigonus. ac anacletus y ged ymeith. ar lleill a las.Fol. 6 A phan oed nos ymoralw a oruc pandrassus ay wasgaredic llu. ac yno pebyllu y nos honno. a gwaeth oed ganthaw colli antigonus y vraud no y holl lu. A thrannoeth yn eu kynghor y caussant mynet am ben kestill assaracus o dybygu bot y carcharoreon yno. A gwedy eu bod tridieu yn ymlat ar kestyll o bop ryw vod. ar gwyr. y mewn yn ymlad ac wynt yn wraul ac yn llauurus. anvon a orugant ar brutus y erchi idaw dyuot eu hamdiffyn. canys ny ellynt wy ymderbynneit ac wynt rac meynt y nyueroed allan. Ac yna y cafas brutus yny gynghor dwyn anacletus ar neilltu y ouyn idaw pvn oreu ganthaw ay eneid arhwn antigonus y gedymeith ac eu ryddit. ae ynteu diodef gloes angheu. ac y dewissawt yntheu eu heneidieu. Ac yna y dywat brutus urthaw. reid yw ytti gwneithur vyngorchymyn o pob peth. ac ynteu arodes y lw ay aruoll y gwnay (ef) pob peth or a orchmynnyt idaw. Ac yna ydywat brutus urthaw reit yw ytt pan vo nos mynet hyt ar lu pandrassus vrenhin. aphan del y gwilwyr ythala di. manac vdunt yr didor ohonawch o garchar a dwyn ohonot antigonus hyt mewn glyn coedawc ar yford arac pwys er heiern na allut y dwyn pellach hynny. ac eruyn vdunt dyuot gyd athi eu gyrchu. ac o cheissiant deffroi neb or llu. dywet nat reit vdunt namyn dyuot wynt eu huneyn.Fol. 6v Aphan oed nos y kerdaud anacletus megis y harchassey brutus ydaw. ac y y goruc pob peth yny mod yd erchyt ydaw. yny doeth hyt y glyn coedawc. ac yna galw ar antigonus. ac yno y doeth brutus ay lu ac eu llad hep diang vn dyn bew onadunt. Ac odena y brutus ay lu adoethant hyt y lle ydoed llu pandrassus vrenhyn groec ynkylch castell assaracus. ac yno gwahard pob dyn na dywettev neb onadunt vn geir yny glywit y gorn ef. A gwedy y clywyt y gorn ef erchi y bop (dyn) mynet am ben y pebylleu a llad a alley vwyaf onadunt. A gwedy dyuot brutus hyt yn drws pepill pandrassus vrenhin canu y gorn a oruc arwigaw y pebyll adaly pandrassus vrenhin groec. ac yna ssyrthiaw pawb am ben y pebyllieu allad aallassant vwiaf yny uu dyd drannoeth. ac y doeth y castellwyr or tu arall allan a llat vwyaf ac y gellynt onadunt. ac ocheisieu yr vn onadunt fo ef a ssyrthieu dros ysgythir kerric yny vytheu yn drylleu man. ac val hynny y goruu arnadunt diodef eu hangheu tynghetuenaul. Athrannoeth pan uu dyd anryued oed gan bawb meynt uu yr lladua ac yna y diolches brutus y wassanaeth y bawp oy wyr.

Ac yno y kymyrth kynghor beth a wneit am pandrassus vrenhin groec. rei ay kyghorei kymryt ydiffeith coedyd aachubessynt yn ryd y breswyliaw yndunt.Fol. 7 ereill a gynghoras kymryd traean y gyuoeth yn ryd y bresswyliaw yndaw. Ac yna y dywat gwr doeth onadunt na ellynt gyt oeisi yn hedychaul yn er vn kyuoeth yndragywydaul. sef achos oed pan deley cof vdunt y lladuaeu awnaethessit vdunt ar galanasseu; y dodeynt en ev bryd yny geffeynt ymdiala. gwedy delei llawer o amseroed. ac amylhau yr bobyl. athyuu ryuel ryngthunt. ny bydei ryued heuyt goruot o deu parth yr ynys ar ytraean. a bod yn waeth an kyfle yna no gyd gynt. a bod yn well yn yr awrhon canys goruuam arnadunt. kymryt y gan pandrassus vrenhin groec ignogen y verch yn wreic y brutus an tywyssawc ny a digawn o eur ac ariant. a gwin a gwenith. a meirch ac aruew. a llongheu yn dwyn y ynys arall lle mynno duw yn bresswyliaw yn hedwch. yndragywydawl. A gwedy edrych onadunt pob peth ar y kynghor hwnnw y trigwyd. Ac yno y kyrchwyt pandrassus vrenhin groec y ofyn ydaw awnay ef eu ewyllys wynt. yr gadel y eneit ydaw ay gyuoeth. ac yntheu a edewys pob peth vdunt canys yn eu mediant yd oed. Ac yno y managassant ydaw ev damvned mal y dywetpwyt vchot. ac y bu dir idaw vfudhau ydunt. ac ef agynygawt hanner y gyuoeth yr trigaw oy uerch yn vn ynys ac ef. ac nys mynnynt.

Fol. 7vA gwedy bod eu kyfreidieu yn barawt kyrchu y llongheu a orugant ac ignogen gyd ac wynt hep allel o nep y gostegu o dryc yruer[th] ac wylaw yny doeth y geuyn gweilgi hyt na welei hi yr tir. ac yna y ssyrthiawt marw hun arnei o tra blinder achysgu. Sef riuedi llongheu a aeth ganthunt o roec. pedeir llong arugeint athrychant. yn llawn o wyr ac arueu a meirch. ac eur ac aryan. a gwin a gwenith. ac y doythant hyt yn lygesti ynys diffeith oed honno ac auuassei gyuanned gynt. ac yno yd aeth llawer onadunt yr tir y edrych ansawd y tir ac y hely canys amyl oed coydid aforesteu agwydlydnot yndunt. ac yno y caffant hen demyl ry daruoed y aberthu gynt y diana dwywes. ac yn dyuot tu ar llongheu y lladassant ewic wen ay dwyn yn anrec y brutus. amenegi idaw ansawd y tir. ac erchi idaw mynet y offrymhu yr dwyweu kyn mynet pellach hynn[y] Ac yna y kymyrth brutus gyd ac ef gerio dew[in] a deudengwyr o hynafgwyr ac a oed reid yr offrvm. agwedy eu dyuot yr demyl troi coron o lawrwyden yg kyllch y ben rac bron drws y demmyl mal y gnottheit o hen deuawt. a chynneu teir kynneu o dan yr tri duw. nyd amgen y iubiter [amer]curius. a diana. ac y bob vn onadunt y gwnaeth aberth gwahanredawl. ac yna y kymyrth brutus llestyr yr aberth yny llaw deheu idaw yn llawn o win a gwaet or ewic wen. a dyrchauel y wyneb yn erbyn ydwiwes a dywedud val hyn.Fol. 8 Ae tydy gyuoethawc dwiwes aruthret koedolyon ysyt ganyat yt kerdet llwybreu. awyraul ti a ryd dylyet yr daear ac y uffern. dywet pa daear avynnech y bresswyliau o honam. dywet yn eistedua diamheu yth anrydedwif yn dragywyd ohonei. ac y gwnelwif temleu anrydedus ytt; o werynyaul goryeu. A gwedy dywedut hynny nauweith ohonaw. kylchynu yr allawr a oruc pedeirgweith. a dineu y gwin a oed yny llaw rac bron yr allaur yny gynne. ac odyna gorwed ar groen yr ewic wen. rydynhassei rac bron yr allaur. gwedy yorthrymu o hun kysgu a oruc. ac ual am draean nos y gwelei ef drwy y hun yn dywedud urthaw ual hyn. Brutus heb hi a dan ygorllewin or tu hwnt y freinc ymae ynys yny mor. a uu gyuanned gynt gan kewri. a diffeith yw weithion onyd vgeint kawr. a honno a vyd adas ytti ac yth kenedyl ev gwledychu. ac albion yw yhenw. sef oed hynny y wen ynys yn gymraec. Agwedy dyffroi brutus ef a venegis yw gedymeithion y weledigaeth ry welsei. ac yna kyrchu eu llongheu a orugant dan diolch yr dwyweu. a dyrchauel hwylew a rwigaw moroed ar vn tu yspeit degniwyrnawd arugeint kyn dyuot hyt yr affric. ac odyna y doethant hyt ar lloryeu y phylistewydyon. ac odyna y doethant ar hyt llyn yr helic. ac odena y doethant rung rusgan a myned azare ac yna yr ymladassant achenedyl y pirate ac y goruu brutus arnadunt.Fol. 8v Ac odena y doethant ar hyt auon malue. ac odena ydoethant hyt yngwlat Mauritanya ac anreithiaw honno a orugant or mor pwy gilid. ac odena y doethant hyt ygcolofneu ercwlff ac yna y caffant diruawr gouyd gan y mor vorynnyon. yn canu kywidolaetheu yn y vytheu dir ybawb or ay klywei kysgu. ac yna y deuweint am ben y llongheu y geissiaw ev sudaw ac ev bodi. yna oruu ar gwyr todi kwyr yn ev klusteu ac ymlat ac wynt o nerth eu holl arueu. ac o breyd y dianghassant odi ganthunt. ac odena y doethant hyt y mortiren. Ac ar ystlys y mor hvnnw wynt a doethant ym plith pedeir gweligord o genedyl tro or rei a foassei gyt ac antenor gwedy distriw caer dro. A gwedy ymouyn or dwy genedyl ymadnabot awnaethant. ac yna yd oed yn dywyssawc arnadunt corineus. achryfaf gwr adewraf or byd oed hwnnw. a gwedy ymadnabot ef abrutus. ymgaru aorugant yn diamadaw yr vn ae gilid onadunt o hynny allan. ac odyna ydoethant y gyt hyt yn angyw. a hyt ymporth liger. Ac yna ybuant wythnos ar vn tu. a gwedy menegi hynny y Goffar fichti brenhin y wlad honno. anuon kennadeu aoruc yerchi vdunt kiliaw ywrth y tir. ac ony chilieint ywrth y tir oc ev bod ef ac eu gwrthladeu oc eu hanuod. A phan doeth y kennadeu yno. yd oed corineus yn hely forest ac yn llad gwydlydnot.Fol. 9 agwedy gwybot or kennadeu hynny dyuot yr forest a orugant y geisiaw ydaly ay dwyn yngharchar ganthunt. ac am nad vfudhae corineus vdunt. vn onadunt ay bwriawt a saeth imbert oyd y henw. ac y gochelawd corineus y saeth. a chyn kail ohonaw bwrw yr eil. corineus ay trewis ef ay vva ehun yny dorres y ben yn dryllieu. ac yfoas y lleill hyt ar goffar fichti a menegi idaw ev holl damchwein. a gorthrum y kymyrth goffar hynny. Ac yna lluhudaw y holl kyuoeth aoruc a dyuot am ben brutus. ac erchi idaw ymrodi y garchar ac ef ay wyr. am dyuot yw gyuoeth hep ganyat. a hely y foresteu. a llad y wyr. ac onyd ymrodei oi vod. ef ay kymelle oy anvod. o nerth aruev. A gwedy kymryt o vrutus ygyghor y nackau ar gwbyl a oruc. Ac yna bydinaw aoruc goffar y lu. A brutus yr eidaw yntev. yn llywyaw y vydyn gynthaf y goffar yd oyd siward y oruchel ystiward achryuaf gwr yn freinc oed. Ac yny erbin ynteu ydoeth corineus ay vydin. Ac yno y bu kyuaruot cadarn ac vn creulon rwng ybydinoed yn ymadoydi. ac yna y llas siward. a rac tewet y bydinoed yn ymgymysgu y colles corineus y gledyf. ac y damchweiniawt idaw bwiall deu vinniawc. ar lle trawei ef a honno nys attalieu dim yny elei hyt y dayar. ac a honno y gyrrawt ef fo ar y trychant marchawc. ac ny wydeint wy na bei yr holl lu yn eu hymlid ac yn eu llad.Fol. 9v yny ymorelwys ef ac wynt. ac eu hangthreiftiau am ffo o trichanwr rac vn gwr. ac yna y keisiassant ymchwelut. ac ny thygiawt vdunt. Ac yna yfoas goffar fichti ac adienghis oy wyr. hyt ardeudec gogyuurd freinc y gwynaw wrthunt ry dyuot gormes arallwlat ay digyuoethi. ac ervynneit yr duw vdunt y amdiffin ef ay gyuoeth. Aphawb onadunt a ymedewis ac ef. A gwedy gwybot o vrutus hynny y peris ef gwneithur ydaw castell rac ruthyr y elynnion yn lle ygwnaeth omir dinas gwedy hynny val y tystia ehvnan. A gwedy klywet o goffar hynny gwaeth oed ganthaw noc awnaethessit o holl sarhaedeu idaw kyn no hynny. Ac yna kynullaw aorugant ev holl kedernnit o freinc y wrthlad brutus or ynys. A gwedy eu dyuot hyt yno; y doeth brutus ay lu y eu herbyn. ac yna ymgyrchu or deu lu yny glywyt eu godwrd ar ydaear ac eu peleidyr yn torri yn neyntyrch awyr. ac wynt yn disgrechu yndiodef gloes angheu o bop tu. hyt na alley neb y uenegi. A gwedy treulaw llauwer or dyd. y goruu ar ybryttanyeit kiliaw yr castell o dra lluossogrwyd y freinc. Ar nos honno ydaeth corineus artheyr mil o wyr aruawc ford dirgeledic hyt mewn glyn coydiawc a llechu yna hyt trannoeth. A phan uu dyd drannoeth y doeth brutus ay lu. ac yn y erbyn yntheu y doeth goffar ay lu adeudec gogyuurd freinc ac eu lluoed ac yna ymlad yn wychyr creulon. aphan ottoydynt cadarnhaf yn ymadoydi.Fol. 10 y nychaf corineus ay vydyn y dyuot or tu ol vdunt. ac yn ev llat yn olofrud. a gwedy gwelet or freinc hynny digalonni a orugant afo y amrauaylion leoed mal y tangosseu eu tynghetuenev. Ac yna y llas turnus nei i vrutus yn was ieuanc ac yn gryfaf gwr or llu eithyr corineus. ac ynteu aladawt chwechannwr ay vn cledyf kyn y lad. Ac yna y clathpwyt ef. ac ydodet yhenw ef ar ylle hwnnw. yr henne hyt hediw.

A gwedy caffel o vrutus y vudugoliaeth yna. ef agauas yny gynghor kyn colli gormod oywyr mynet lle yd oed yaruaeth. ay weledigaeth. ac yna ymgyweiriaw a orugant achyrchu eu llongheu ahwylaw ragdunt tu argorllewyn yny doethant hyt yn traeth totneis. ac yna anuon y edrych ansod ytir. a gwedy menegi y vrutus ansawd y tir bodlawn oed ganthaw. athrossi eu llongheu yr tir aorugant. ar lle y doeth brutus kyntaf yr tir. y dechreuawd temyl ydiana dwywes yr hon avenegys yweledigaeth y vrutus. A thra uu ef yn aberthu yr dwyweu: yd aeth corineus ygeisiaw yr kewri hyt yngherniw ganys yno y klywssei ef eu bod. a phan doeth ef yno. wynt a aethasseint ford arall yymgeisiaw abrutus ae lu. ac awnaethant kynhwrf yn yllu a llad llawer onadunt. A gwedy mene gi hynny ybrutus ny deuei yny kyuyl yny daruu ydaw aberthu.Fol. 10v ac yna kyweiriaw y lu aoruc a dyuot y ymlad ar kewri. ac yna yllas y kewri oll dieithyr vn gocmaegoc oed y henw. a deudec kuvyd oed yny hyt. a phedwar yny led. achryfaf dyn or byd oed hwnnw. ac am hynny y peris brutus y adel yn vew y ymdrechu a chorineus. A gwedy dyuot corineus o rodiaw yr ynys. y menegys brutus idaw eu kyfranc am y kewri. abodlawn vu corineus y hynny. ac yna yducpwyt y cawr mawr y ymdrechu a chorineus hyt ar ben kreic uchel gwastat ar lan ymor. Ac yny kyhwrd kyntaf y cawr ay cafuas ef gauel ardwrn adan y deu vreich ay wasgu yny dorres teir assen yndaw. vn or ystlys deheu. a dwy or ystlys assu. ac yna y dyrchauel ay daraw ar dal y lin yr llawr. Ac yna kyuodi yn llym aoruc corineus ac yn llidiawc. ac ymauel yny cawr ay wasgu vrthaw yny laysawd y holl gauayleu. ac yna y dyrchauel ar y ysgwyd achyrchu lan y mor ac ef aoruc. ac yar carrec vchel y uwrw dros ysgithir kerric yny uu yn dryllieu kyn dyuot yr mor. ac yny goches tonneu yr mor oy waed. ac yr hynny hyt hediw y gelwir y lle hwnnw llam y cawr. Sef oed hynny. deu cant mlyned a mil. gwedy dwfyr diliw y doyth brutus kyntaf yr ynys hon.

Ac yna y mynnws brutus dilehu

yr henw a uuassei ar y ynys kyn no hyn ny sef oyd hynny albion.Fol. 11 dodi henw arnei oy enw ehwn. mal ydelei cof yr genedil rac llaw mae brutus kyntaf ay gwledychawt. ac yna y dodet ar y ynys henw brutayn. ac ar y genedil brutanyeit o hynny allan. Ac yna ef arodes y corineus y ran y dewisei or ynys. ac y dewisawt ynteu y ran y buassei yn y rodiaw ac yn y hedrych. Ac yna ydodes corineus ar y ran ef or ynys oy henw ef ehun kerniw. ac ar y genedil corneueit o hynny allan. Odena y doeth brutus ay lu hyt arlan avon bonhedic temys oed y henw. agwedy gwelet lle adas y adeiliat. ef a wnaeth dinas yna ac ay gelwys yn tro newyd. ar henw hwnnw abarhawt arnei hyt yn oes llud vab beli vab manogan. A gwedy gwneithur y dinas kysgu aoruc brutus yna gyntaf gan ignogen ywreic. A thri meib auu idaw o honei. nyt amgen. LLocrinus. Camber. ac Albanactus. A gwedy gwledychu o vrutus ar ynys brydein yn hedychawl pedeyr blyned arugeint y bu varw. ac y cladpwyt ef yny gaer a adeiliassei ehunan yn anrydedus.

Ac yna y rannwyt yr ynys yn deir ran rwg y tri broder. nyd amgen. nogyd y locrinus canys hynaf oed agauas ohen deuawd gwyr groec y lle pennaf. sef oed hynny lloygyr mal y dycho yteruynev o vor humyr hyt yn hafren. Ac oy henw ef ehun y dodes ar y ran lloygyr. Ac y Albanactus y doeth o humyr hwnt. ac y dodes ynteu oy henw ehvn ar y ran ef or ynys yr alban.Fol. 11v ac y Camber ydoeth or tu arall y hafren. ac ydodes ynteu ar y ran kymre oy henw ehvn. A gwedy ev bot uelly y(n) dagnauedus yn hir. ydoeth humyr brenhin hunawt a llynghes ganthaw hyt yr alban yr tir. gwedy y ryuot kyn no hynny yn anreithiaw germania. Agwedy gwybot hynny o albanactus ef adoeth a bychydic nyuer gyt ac ef. ygeisiaw y wrthlad or tir. Ac yna ybu kyfrang kalet alladua uawr. ac yno yllas albanactus ac a dienghis oy lu a foas hyt ar locrinus. A gwedy gwybot o locrinus hynny. anvon a oruc ar camber y vrawt y uenegi hynny idaw. Ac yna o gyt kynghor kynullaw llu aorugant adyuot yr alban. ac yn ev herbyn wyntheu y doeth hvmyr ay lu. ac yna y bu ymlat kadarn ac aerua vaur o bop tu. ac or diwed yfoas hvmyr y geisiaw y longheu ac ny atpwyt idaw onyd gymell yr avon y ymvodi. ac ohynny allan y dodet y henw ef ar yr avon hvmyr ual y delei cof yr genedil a deley racllaw y kyfrang hwnnw.

A gwedy caffel o locrinus a chamber yvrawt y uudugoliaeth. wynt adoethant lle yd oed llongheu humyr. ac yny llongheu y caussant teir morwyn anryued ev tegwch. ar bennaf or teir oed essillt verch brenhin germania a dugassei humyr ganthaw pan vuassei yn anreithiaw y wlat honno. ac yna y kymyrth locrinus essillt yn wreic gwely idaw.Fol. 12 A gwedy gwybot o corineus hynny llidiaw aoruc. am ry adaw olocrinus kyn no hynny kymryt gwendoleu y verch yn wreic bwys idaw. ac anvon attaw aoruc ac erchi idaw ydillwng ymeith hi or wlat. a gwedy nas dillynghei kynullaw llu a oruc corineus y dyuot am ben locrinus ac y gymell y dehol or wlat. a gwedy (gwibot) olocrinus hynny peri a oruc gwneithur daear dy yn lle dirgeledic a dodi essyllt yndi heb wybot y neb. ac yna anvon ar corineus y venegi ry daruot idaw dehol essillt or ynys. a gyssot oet dyd cariat ryngthunt. A gwedy ev dyuot y oet y dyd ydoeth corineus a dan droi bwyall deu vinyawc yny law a dywedud yn llidiawc vrthaw. ay tydi vabyn drythyll. am tremygei. vi am merch gwedy genifer gweli ageueis yn ennill kyuoeth ytti ac yth tat kyn no thi. ac yn mynassu y gyrchu ar vwyall. ac yna ydaeth kedymeithion ryngthunt ac eu tagnefuedu. ac yna y kymyrth locrinus gwendoleu verch corineus. yn wreic bwys idaw ac yn vrenhines. ac a gauas mab ohoney a Madauc oed y henw. Ac yn yr vn amser hwnnw y ganet merch y essillt ac y dodet henw arney hafren. Ac val hynny y bu locrinus yn hir. ac yn rith mynet y aberthu yr dwyweu iday ef ar essill pan elei. ac a drigei yno ay dwy nos ay teir heb wybot dim ywrthaw yny delei ehvn drachefyn. Agwedy marw corineus y gwrthladawt ef gwendoleu y wrthaw. ac y dyrchauaud ef essyllt yn vrenhines.Fol. 12v Ac yna ydaeth gwendoleu ynghwyn hyt yngkernyw ar y chenedyl yvenegi yr amharch a wnaethessit ydi. Ac yna y cafsant yn ev kynghor kynullaw llu ydial ar locrinus amharch ev kares. Agwedy gwybod hynny olocrinus kynullaw llu aoruc yntev yn ev herbyn wynthev. A gwedy dyuot y deu lu y gyd hyt ar lan avon sturham oed y henw ym saethu a orugant yn gadarn. ac o ergyt saeth y llas locrinus. A naw mlyned y gwledychassei kyn no hynny.

A gwedy caffel o gwendoleu y uudugoliaeth hi agymyrth llywodraeth y dyrnas yny llaw yhvn. ac aberys kymryt essyll ay merch ac ev bodi mewn avon a oed yn teruyn rwng kymre alloygyr. adodi henw y merch ar yr avon. ydwyn argof yr genedyl adelei rac llaw ygweithredoed hynny. Ac yna y dodet hafren ar yr avon yr hynny hyt hediw. A gwedy gwledychu o wendoleu pedeir blyned ardec gwedy locrinus. hi arodes llywodraeth y deyrnas y vadawc y mab. A hitheu agymyrth kyrnyw yn ossymdeith ydy hi tra vei vew. Ac yn yr amser hvnnw yd oyd daniel prophwit yn gwledychu yn wlat iudea. A Siluius eneas yn yr eidal. ac omir yn traethu oy vardoniaethev.

A gwedy urdaw Madawc yn vrenhin gwreicka aoruc. adeu vab a uu ydaw ohoney. sef oed ev henw. Mymbyr. a mael. Ar MadawcFol. 13hwnnw awledychawt y hedwch dagnauedus chwech blyned arugeint ac yna ybu varw. sef oed hynny o vlwydynet gwedy dilw.M.cc.lxxiiij.

A gwedy madawc y kyuodes teruysc rwng y veybion Mymbyr a Mael am rannv yr kyvoeth. a gwedy mynhu ymlat onadunt. ydoeth gwyrda ryngthunt (a*) gyssot oyd dyd y dagneued ryngthunt. Agwedy ev dyuot y oyd ydyd y doeth mymbyr o dissyuyt creulonder a llat mael y vrawt. ac yna y kymyrth y kyuoeth yn eidiaw ehvn achlan. ac agymyrth creulonder yndaw yny ladawt deledogyon yr ynys kenmwyaf. ac adaw y wreic bwys yr hon y ganet mab idaw ohoney a elwyd yn efrawc. ac yd ymrodes y bechawd sodoma yr honn a oed gas gan duw. Ac ual yd oed diwyrnaw gwedy y vynet y hely mewn forest ef a ymgolles ay wyr ac adoeth hyt mewn glyn coedawc ac ydoeth bleidieu idaw ac y lladassant ef. Sef oed hynny gwedy diliw.M.ccc. o vlwydynet. Sef y gwledychawt .xxvi. o vlwydyned. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed saul yn vrenhyn yn yr israel. ac euristeus yn lacedemonia.

A gwedy Mymbyr y kymyrth efrawc y vab y dyrnas. ac ay gwledychawt pedeir blyned arbymthec a rugeint. a chyntaf gwr gwedy brutus a aeth a llynghes y ymlad ar freinc uu ef. ac ef a gauas y uudugoliaeth ac ay daristyngawt idaw. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed dauid broffwyt yn vrenhyn yngaerussalem. a siluius latinus yn yr eidal.Fol. 13v A gad a nathan ac assaf yn broffwidi yn yr israel. Ac yna y gwnaeth y brenhin caer efrauc. A chaer alklut. A chastell myned agnet yr hwn aelwyr yr awr hon castell y morynyon ar mynyd dolurus. Ac ef a uu idaw vgein meib o vgein wraget a oed idaw. a deng merchet arugeint. henweu y veibion oed. Brutus darean las. Maredud. Seissill. Rys. Morud. Bleidud. Iago. Botlan. kyngar. Spaden. Guaul. Dardan. Eidol. Iuor. hector. kyngu. Gereint. Run. Asser. howel. Enweu y uerchet oedynt. Gloywgein. Ignogen. Eudaus. Gwenlliant. Gwaurdyd. Angharat. Gwendoleu. Tangoystyl. Gorgon. Medlan. Mechael. Ofrar. Maelure. Camreda. Regau. Guael. Ecub. Nest. kein. Stadud. Efren. Blaengein. Auallach. Angaes. Galaes atheckaf morwyn oed honno or a welat yn ynys brydein yn vn oes a hi. Gueiruyl. Perweur. Eurdrec. Edra. Anor. Stadyald. Egron. A hynny oll o verchet a anuones efrauc hyt ar siluius y gar brenhin yr eidal. y ev rodi yr gwyr dyledockaf or ahanoedynt o genedyl tro. Ar meibion oll onyd yr hynaf onadunt a anuonet allynghes ganthunt hyt yr eidal ac asser ev brawt yn dywyssawc arnadunt. Ac odyna yd aethant hyt yn germania. ac o ganorthwy siluius wynt a oresgynnassant y wlat honno ac ay gwledychassant hi o hynny allan. Brutus darean las a drigawd gyt ay dad yn ynys brydein yny deruynawd buchet ydat. Sef oed hynny gwedy diliw Mo. ccco.xxoxixo. o vlwynyded.

A gwedy efrawc y kymyrt brutus darean las y uab yntheu y deyrnas.Fol. 14 ac ay gwledychawt yn hedwch dagnauedus deudengmlyned gwedy y dad. ac ef a garei gwirioned achyuyander. ac vn mab a oed ydaw oy wreic briawd a lleon oed y henw. Ac yna y bu varw brutus. Mo.ccco.ljo annorum. gwedy diliw.

A gwedi brutus y kymyrth lleon y vab llywodraeth yr ynys ac ay gwledychawt yn hir o amseroed yn hedwch dagnauedus. ac ef awnaeth dinas yngogled yr ynys. ac ay gelwys oy enw ehun caer lleon. ar henw hwnnw adrigawd ar ydinas yr hynny hyt hediw. A gwedy llithraw talym o amser y ssyrthyawt gorthrwm heint arnaw hyt na allei na marchogaeth na cherdet. ac yna y kyuodes kiwdaudawl deruysc yny deyrnas oy lesged ef hyt yn diwet y oes. ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed Selyf vab dauid yn adeiliat temyl crist yngaerussalem. ac y doeth Sibilla brenhines saba y warandaw ardoethineb selif. A gwedy gwledychu o leon pymp mlynet arugeint y bu varw. sef oed hynny .Mo.ccco.lxxvi. annorum gwedy dilew.

A gwedy lleon y gwledychawt Run baladyr bras y vab. vn vlwydyn eissieu o deugeint. a hwnnw aduc y bobyl ardagneued. Ac a adeiliws caer geint. a chaer wynt. a chastell mynyd paladyr. yr hwnn a elwir yn saysnec ssefftysburie. ac yna tra uuwyd yn adeiliat y gaer honno ybu yr eryr yn proffwydaw ac yn dywedut daroganneuFol. 14vynys brydein ar ymadrodion yny mod hwnn:

Megis ygwrthlat y wen. y dreic coch; velly Prophwydoliaeth yr Erir. ybwrw y dywyll ywen. Dreic aruthyr waethaf a ehetta ac ochwythat y geneu o flamawl dan alysc yr holl ynys gan y llynu. O arennev hwnnw ydaa maharen man yguv. adiwyllya dyrnodieu y gyrn yny dwyrein. O dyna ydaa ystlvm gwenwynic y olwc ac ar y edrychiat ydechryn fyd achreuyd. O dena ydaa llew a nessao yr ystlwm lluchyadenawc. ac a dan ylywodraeth y llygryr ssycher gwirioned. Crang or mor adynessa yr llew ac adan y vediant ydivlanna rydit o rydit. gwedy y trosser y keibieu yn waywyr. Baed danhedawc anessa yr crang ac a walhaa yny mieri tew ac a lymhaa y danned yngkedernyt y deyrnas. O chwant y baed y kynnyd kenev er hwn a ryd am angheu y dad megis am angheu ki. Enwiret ytat a gymrydy meibion ar kyntaf o nadunt aesgyn y oruchelder y deyrnas yn disyuyd hagen vegis blodeuyn gwaenwyn kyn noe frwyth y gwywa. O bechawt yr hen ypecha ymeibion wrth eu tat. ar karet kyntaf a vyd defnyd yr rei ol. Meibion agyuodant en erbyn ev tat ac amdial pechawt. emysgaroed a gyffroant en erbyn y groth. Gwaet a gyuyt yn erbyn eu gwaet yny daruo yr alban wylaw penyt yperheryn ac anobeithus boen avyd. yna ydaw kynhwrf kadarn owynt dwyrein. ac a ruthra yr gorllewin ac adiwreida holl gedernyt iwerdon.Fol. 15 Rac bron hwnnw ygostwng y twyssogion. a gwedy y kyngreirier tagneu[ed] yd ymgarant. Dolur adrossir yn llewenyd. pan drychont y tat yngkallon y vam. Ef a nessa linx adisgynno o hat y llew ae lymder adylla kedernyt haearnawl ac vn elechawl. ymynediat hwnnw ygedeu normandi ydwy ynys. ac odiruawr vod symudedigaeth y gwehenir ykledyf ywrth ygoron. O achaws anvhvndep y brodyr ygwledycha vn adelei ole arall. kerbyt ypymet adreiglir yr petweryd agwedy y dyrchauer yllinieu priawt ysarret aetiang asathyr y tyrnassoed. yndydyeu diwethaf y dreic (wen*) ygwesgerir y hetiuet yn deir rann. Ran adynn yr pwyl odwyreiniawl swllt y kyuoethogir. Rann adisgin y iwerdon. o orllewiniawl ardymyr y digrifheir. y dryded rann adric yn y wlat dielw a gorwac y keffir. Tanawl bellen a disgin ordwyrein allydaw yny kylch ogylch a lynga. Wrth ylluver yd ehetta adar yr ynys. arei mwyaf onadunt wedy yd ennynner eu hesgyll adigwydant yn dalyedigaeth. Or tan hwnnw y genir gwreichioneu; ac oe chynnwrf y dechrynant yr ynyssed. yngwyd y rei mwiaf ygwelir yr absent: ar eil mynedyat avyd gwaeth nor kyntaf. Gwedy bo marw llew y wirioned. ykyvyt y brenhyn gwyn bonhedic yn ynys brydein yn gyntaf yn ehedec. odena yn marchogaeth. odenaFol. 15vyn disgynnv. ac yny disgynyat hwnnw ykeir ef yny glud. Odena y dygir ac adangossir abys ac ydywedir mae ybrenhin gwyn bonhedic. yna y kynullir y vydin ef agwystyl drostaw agymerir. ac yna y byd porthmanyaeth y dynyon megys am eidion neu am dauat. ac ymendaat hynny ageisir ac ny byd yr vn; onyt penn dros penn. Ac yna y kyuyt ygwynn ac ydaa yr lle ykyuyt yr heul. ar lle digwyd heul arrall. yna ydywedir yn ynys brydein brenhin na vrenhin. Gwedy hynny ydyrcheif y ben ac adengis y uot yn vrenhin ar lawer o weithredoed dybryt. ac nyd arvn elwedic. Gwedy torrer llawer ny byd atkyweirdeb. yna y byd byt y barcutanot; adycko pawb ydreis a vyd eidaw ehvn a hynny abery seith mlyned. Ac yna y byd treis a gordineu gwaet. ar fyrnev a gyfflybir yr eglwiseu. ar hynn a heo vn arall ay met. ac ar y uuched druan y goruyd angheu ac yn ychydic odynyon ybyd karyat kyuan. a hyn agyngreirer ar osper y bore y llygrir. Odena ydaw or deheu ar veirch prenn ar ewyn mor kyw eryr ac ymordwya ac y daw y ynys brydein yr tir. ac yny lle ef asaetha y dy yr eryr. ac aygoresgyn. ac yna y byd ryuel yn ynys brydein blwydyn a hanner. ac yna ny thal dim dwyn kyfnewit. namyn paub abrydera pa furyf y kattwo yr eidiaw ehun ac y keisio da arall. Odena ydaa y brenhin gwann bonhedic tu argorllewyn ay vydyn yny gylch yr henn lle gar llaw ydwfyr rydegauc. ac yna yda y elynion yny erbyn.Fol. 16 ac y llvniethir pawb yny le yny gylch ef. A llu y elynion a furfheir ar lvn taryan. yna yd ymledir oc eu taleu ac eu hystlysseu. ac yna y llithyr y brenhin gwynn bonhedic yr awel. Odena y nytha kyw yr erir yngoruchelder kreigeu holl ynys brydein. ny digwid yn ieuang. ny daw ynteu ar heneint. yna gogonyanus fynniant ny odef amrenit na sarhaet idaw. agwedy ytagnauetter y dyrnas y digwyd.

Ac ynyr amser hwnnw yd oed capis siluius yn vrenhin yn yr eidial. ac aggeus ac amos ahieu a ioel a zacharaas yn broffwydi yn yr israel. a selyf ap dd. yn gaerussalem. ac yna yteruynawd buchet Rvn sef oed hynny gwedy diliw Mo.cccc.xv. Mlyned.

A gwedy Run y doeth Bleidud y uab ynteu ac y bu yn vrenhin vgeint mlyned. Ahwnnw a addeilws caer vadon ac a oruc yndi yr enneint twymyn yr medegynniaeth ac ardymhyr yr rei marwaul. ar gweithret hwnnw a aberthws ef yr dwywes a elwit Minerua. Ac adan yr enneint hwnnw y gyssodes ef tan andiffodedic byth nac yn wreichion nac yn lludu. namyn pan dechreuo diffodi yna ydechreu y enni o newyd yn bellenev kerric tanvydaul. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw y gwediws helias broffwid hyt na bei law yn gwlad gaerussalem. ac y by hep dyuot glaw chwemis atheir blyned ar vn tu. o dial enwired ar y bobil. Ac ydaeth pawb ydorwestu ac y professio ac ywe diaw yny gaussant ardymhyr afrwithlonder yr daear megis y gnottae gynt.Fol. 16v Ac ethrelithus vu y bleidud hwnnw yngkeluydyt nigromans. ac yn llawer ogeluydodeu ereill. ac ny orfwissei ef byth o dechmygu amrauailion keluydodeu a chywreinrwyt. yny wnaeth esgyll ac adaned idaw ehun y broui ehedec. A gwedy kymryt y ehedua yar ben twr uchel yn llundein ef asyrthiawd ar dempmyl apollo yny vu yn yssic oll. ac yn llundein yclatpwyt ef en enrededus. Sef oed hynny gwedy dwfyr diliw. Mo.cccco.xxxvo.

A gwedy bleidud y doeth llyr y uab ef yn vrenhin ac ygwledychawt yn hedwch tagnauedus pymp mlyned arugeint. ac ef a wnaeth dinas ar avon Soram ac ay gelwis yn gaer llyr. ac o ieith arall leir cestyr. Ac nybu vn mab idaw namyn teir merchet. sef oed henw y merchet. Goronilla. Regau. Cordeilla. a diruaur gariad oed gan ev tad arnadunt. ac eisywys; mwy y carei ef y verch ieuaf nor dwy eraill. Ac yna medyliaw a oruc pa furf y galley ef adaw ygyuoeth yw verchet gwedy ef. Sef a oruc proui pwy mwiaf oy verchet ay carei ef yn wahanredawl. val y gallei yntev rody y honno y ran oreu or ynys. A galw attaw a oruc Goronilla y verch yr hynaf agouyn idi pa veint y carei hi ythad. tynghu aoruc hitheu yr nef ac yr daear. bod yn vwy y carei hi ythad; noc y carei y heneit yhvn. A chredu aoruc ynteu bod hynny yn wir.Fol. 17 ac adaw idi traean yr ynys ar gwr adewisei o ynys brydein. yn wra idi. Agwedy hynny y gelwys attaw Ragau y verch yr eil hynaf agouyn idi pa veint y carei hi ythat. athyngu a oruc hitheu y gyuoetheu nef adaear hyt na allei ar y thauot leuerid menegi meynt y carei hi ythat. achredu a oruc ynteu hynny yn wir. ac adaw idi traean ynys brydein gyd ar gwr adewisei or ynys yn wra idi. Ac odena ygelwys attaw Cordeilla y verch y ieuaf a vwyaf agarei ynteu onadunt. a gouyn idi pa veint y carei hi ythat. Ny thybygaf vi bod merch agaro ythat yn vwy noc y dylyo. a mivi athkereis di ermoyt megys tat ac ath caraf ettwa. Ac arglwyd o mynne gwibot pa veint yth kerir; sef yw hynny y meint y bo dy gyuoeth. ath yechyt. ath dewred. Achyffroi a oruc ynteu ar lid adywedud. canys kemeint a henne ytremygeist ti vyheneint i. ac nacharut ti vi megis dy chwioryd; Mynneu ath diuarnaf di yn diran o ynys brydein. Ac yna yn diohir y rodes ef y dwy verchet hynaf ydeu dywyssawc nyt amgen tywyssawc kernyw ar hwnn yr alban. a hanner y kyuoeth ganthunt hyt tra vei vyw yr brenhin. A gwedy ynteu yr ynys yn deu hanner ryngthunt. Agwedy mynet y chwedyl honno dros wyneb y teyrnassoed y kigleu aganipus brenhin freinc doethineb cordeilla ay phryt ay thegwch. anvon a oruc kennadeu hyt yn ynys brydein y eruynieit yr brenhin cordeilla y verch yn wreicka idaw.Fol. 17v ac ynteu ae hedewis. ac a venegis yr kennadeu na chaffei ef na thir na daear na da arall o ynys brydein genthi. Ac aganipus adyuat nad oed reit idaw ef wrth ydir na ydaear na yda. onyt y verch vonhedic dyledawc y planta o honei etiuedion deduawl. Ac ny (bu*) golud yny gymyrth aganipus y vorwyn y briawt. ac ny welas neb yn yr oes honno morwyn kyn decget na chyn doethet a hi.

A gwedy llithraw talym o amser adechreu o lyr llesgu oheneint. y doeth y dowion gan y dwy verchet ac y goresgynassant yr ynys or mor pwy gilid. ac y rannassant yr ynys ar llywodraeth rygthunt yll deu. sef oed hynny gwedy diliw. Mo.cccco.lx. mlyned. Ac yna y kymyrth Maglaun tywyssauc yr alban ybrenhin attaw a deugeint marchauc gyd ac ef yeu gosmeithaw ar y ossymeith ef. ac ny doeth penn y dwy vlynned kwbyl yny lidiawd Goronilla rac meint niveroed ythat. a dyuot a oruc attaw ac erchi idaw ellwng y niveroed hynny ymeith oll dieithyr vgein marchauc. a dywedud bod yn digawn hynny y wr ny bei ryueloed arnaw na chyfrangheu. Ac yna llidiaw a oruc llyr wrth y verch am y dremygu yn gymeint a hynny. Ac adaw llys Maglaun a oruc. a chyrchu llys Henwyn tywyssawc kernyw o dybygu caffel kynnal y vreint ay anryded ganthaw yna yn well nogyt yn llys Maglawn.Fol. 18 A llawen vu henwyn wrthaw ay dreithu yn enrededus mal y dylyei. ny doeth hagen penn y mis ablwyddyn. yny lidiawd Ragau y verch wrthaw rac meint y niuer. ac erchi idaw ellung y holl niver ymeith eithyr pump marchawc. athyghu na chynaliei hi onyd hynny wrth y osgord ef a digon oed genthi hynny. A gwedy goruod arnaw ellung y uarchogion ymeith doluriaw a oruc am y hen deilygdawd. ac ymchwelud eilweith ar y verch er hynaf o debygu ytrugarhae wrthaw a chynnal ydeilyngdawt ganthaw. ac yna y tynghawd hitheu y gyuoytheu nef adaear na chynhaliei hi onyd vn marchawc gyd ac ef. a hynny oed digon genthi. gyd a bod marchogion y harglwyd hitheu wrth y orchymyn ef. A gwedy na chaffei ef dim oy adolwyn. ellwng a oruc yuarchogyon ymeith oll dieithyr vn marchauc a drigawo gyd ac ef. Ac yna gwedy medyliaw am y hen deylyngdaud ry gollassei ay digrifwch ay gedernyd goueilieint a gymyrth yndaw athristau hyt ar angheu. Ac yna ydoeth cof idaw geirieu y verchet ac ev hedewid. Ac yna y gwybu vod yn wir adywedassei Cordeilla y verch wrthaw. mae val y bei y iechit ay gedernyt ay gyuoeth y kerid ef. Ac yna medyliaw aoruc gouoyaw Cordeilla y verch y ervynneit ythrugared. ac y edrych o chaffei ef amdiffin yny byd gen thi y geisiaw ennyll y gyuoeth dracheuyn.Fol. 18v Agwedy kychwin yr mor ohonaw ar y dryded gan doluriaw yboen ay anghyfnerth yny wed honn adan wylaw agriduan. Och awyr pan ym ardyrchauassauch ar oruchelder enryded canys mwy poen coffau enryded gwedi coller. nogyd diodef achanoctit heb ordyfneit pryduerthwch. Oy adwiweu nef a daear a daw amser ettwa y gallwif vi talu chwyl yr gwyr a oruc ymynheu bod yn yr achanoctit hwnn. Och Cordeilla vyg caredic verch mor wir adywedeist wrthyf. pan yw val ybei vyngallu am mediant am kyuoeth ym kerit. ac am dywedut ohonott y sorreis wrthit. Och vig caredic (verch*) pa furyf y gallaf vi rac kywilid kyrchu attat ti weithion. gwedy yth ellynghwn mor diran o ynys brydein ac y gwneithym. Ac adan doluriaw y boen ay aghyfnerth yny wed honno ef a doeth hyt ym baris. yr dinas yd oed y verch yndaw. ac anvon kennat a oruc attei y venegi y uod ef yn dyuot yn wr tlawd gwan gouudus ygeissiau ythrugared ac y ymwelet a hi. Aphan gigleu hi hynny wylaw aoruc agouyn pa sawl marchauc aoed gyt ac ef. Adywedud or gennat nad oed onyd vn ysgwier. Ac yna drychyruerth yn dostach no chynt aoruc. ac anvon eur ac arean idaw. ac erchi idaw vyned yn dirgeledic hyt yn Amias. nev y dinas arall lle mynheu. y gymryd ardyhereu ac enneint ac ireidieu gwyrthuawr. asymudaw yansawd ay orueu ay dillat.Fol. 19 a chymryt attaw deugeint marchauc yn vn wisg ac ef ehun. aphan vythynt yn gyweir ac yn barawt. anvon kennat ar Aganipus brenhin freinc y venegi idaw y vot ef yn dyuot gwedy ry dehol oy deu douyon ef. yn amharchus o ynys brydein. Ac y ervynneit y nerth ef y oresgyn y gyuoeth dracheuyn. A hynny oll aoruc llyr megis yd archassei Cordeilla y verch idaw. Aphan doeth y gennat y venegi yr brenhin bod llyr yn dyuot y ymwelet ac ef. llawen vu ganthaw ac ef adoeth yny erbyn a niver tec advwyn gyt ac ef hyt ymphell odieithyr ydinas yny gyuaruu llyr ac ef. ac yna disgynnv aorugant amynet dwilaw mynwgyl yn garedic amynet ygyd hyt ympharis. Ac yna ytrigassant y gyt hir amseroed yn hyvryt lawen. Agwedy menegi y Aganapus amharch llyr yn ynys brydein gorthrwm y kymyrth arnaw. Ac yna y caffant yn y kyghor lluhudaw freinc a goresgyn yr ynys dracheuyn. Ac yna y rodes aganipus llywodraeth freinc y lyr tra vythei ynteu yn lluhudaw eithauioed freinc. A gwedy bod ev llu yn baraud ac ev kyureidieu. yn eu kyghor ycaussant ellwng Cordeilla gyt allyr rac na bythei y freinc vfyd y lyr. A gorchymyn a oruc aganipus yr freinc ar eu heneit ac ev hanreith eu bod kyn vfydet y lyr ac yw verch. ac y bythynt idaw ef ehvn.Fol. 19v A gwedy kymryt ey kannyat kychwyn aorugant tu ac ynys brydin. ac yn ev herbyn wynt y doeth Maglawn tywyssawc yr alban. ahenwyn tywyssawc kernyw ac ev holl allu. ac ymlad yn wychyr calet ac wynt. a rac lluossocget y freinc ny thygiawt ydunt. namyn eu gyrru ar fo ac ev hymlit a llad lluossogrwid onadunt. A goresgyn yr ynys aoruc llyr ay verch erbyn penn y vlwydyn or mor pwy gilyd. a dehol y deu dowion ymeith or ynys.

A gwedy goresgyn o lyr ynys brydein ydoeth kennat ofreinc y venegi y cordeilla ry varw aganipus brenhyn freinc. A gorthrwm y kymyrth arnei hynny. ac ohynny allan y bu gwell genthi trigaw yn ynys brydein gyd ay that. nogyd myned y freinc ar y thraean. Ac yna gwedy ystwng yr ynys ydunt. wynt ay gwledychassant hy yn hir amseroed yn hedwch dagnauedus: yny vu varw llyr. agwedy y varw y clathpwyt ef yn enrededus mewn temmyl awnathoed ef ehun yn gaer llyr adan avon soram yr enryded y ryw duw a elwit bifrontis iani. A phan delei gwilua y demphyl honno. y deuweint holl creftwyr y dinas yw hanrydedu. ac yna y dechreuweint pob gweith or adechreuwyd hyt ymphen y vlwydyn.

A gwedy marw llyr y kymyrth Cordeilla llywodraeth ynys brydein. ac ae gwledychws pymp mlyned yn hedwch dagneuedus.Fol. 20 ac yn y chwechet vlwydyn y kyuodes y deu neint meibion y chwioryd yn weissyon ieueing clotuawr. nyt amgen margan uab maglaun tywyssauc yr alban. achuneda vab henwyn tywyssauc kernyw. achynullaw llu attadunt a ryuelu ar Cordeilla. a gwedy mynych kyfrangheu rygthunt. y goresgynassant wy yr ynys. ac ydalyassant hittheu ac y dodassant yngharchar. A gwedy medyliaw ohoney am y hen deilyngdawd ry gollassei. ac nat oed obeith idi ymatkyuot ohynny. o diruawr dolur hynny ygwnaeth hy hun y lleith. nyt amgen nogyd y brathu hy hun a chillell adan y bronn yny gollas y heneid. ac yna ybarnwyd mae dybrytta agheu ydyn yllad ehun. Sef oed hynny. Mil. a hanner o vlwynyded gwedy diliw.

Ac yna y kymyrth. Cuneda a Margan ac y rannassant yr ynys y rynthunt. ac ydoeth vargan or parth draw y humyr ar goglet adan ytheruynev. Ac y guneda or parth yma lloegyr a chemre a chernyw canys odyno yr hanoed. A gwedy eu bod velly yn hedwch pedeir blyned y doeth teruysc wyr drwc ryngthunt. adywedud wrth vargan bot yn gywilid idaw kynnal ydagnefuyd ay gevynderw. ac yntev yn vab yr verch hynaf y lyr. ac yn lleiaf y ran or kyuoyth. A gwedy ylenwi ef o lid y geirieu hynny. kynullaw llu a oruc a ryuelu ar guneda y geuynderw. Ac yn y erbyn ynteu y doeth cuneda ay lu.Fol. 20v Ac yna ybu ymlad girad creulawn. ar gwyr goreu assyrthiassant yn gyntaf. ac ybu dir y vargan ffo ay wasgaredic llu. gan eu hymlid o guneda ay lu owlat iwlat. A gwedy fo o vargan yny doeth yr maes maur ynghemre. y bu well ganthaw y varw yngwryd gwyr. nogyd mynet ir mor y ymuodi. canys nad oed le y fo pellach hynny. Ac yna ymchwelud a oruc a rodi cat ar vaes. ac yna ybu kyffranc kalet. ac aerua vaur oboptu. ac yn y kyffranc hwnnw y llas Margan. Ac yr hynny hyt hedyw y gelwir ylle hwnnw maes margan. ac yno y cladpwyt ef yn lle mae manachloc margan yr aurhonn. Sef oed hynny. Mil. a hanner. a phym mlyned gwedy diliw.

Ac yna y kymyrth Cuneda yr ynys yn eidaw ehun. ac ay gwledychawd teir blyned ar dec arugeint. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed ysaias ac osee yn prophwidi yn gwlad garussalem. Ac yd adeilwyt Ruueyn ygan ydeu vroder Remus a Romulus.

A gwedy cuneda y kymyrth Riwallawn llywodraeth yr ynys y vab ynteu. ac ae gwledychawt deudeng mlyned yn hedwch dagnauedus. Ac yny amser ef y doeth glaw gwaet teir nos a thridieu. a ryw bryued val etnot trwy yr glaw hwnnw. a ryw vall gyt ahynny. ac aladassant llauwer o dynyon. Ac yna y bu varw Riwallawn deng mlyned adeugeint a phymp cant a Mil gwedy dwfyr diliw.

Ac yna y kymyrth Gorwst y vab ynteu llywodraeth y deyrnas.Fol. 21 ac ay gwledychawd seith mlyned yn hedwch dagnauedus.

Ac yny ol ynteu y gwledychawd Seissill uab gorwst chwech blyned.

A gwedy yntheu y gwledychawd Iago nei i gorwst seith mlyned.

Ac yny ol ynteu y gwledychawd kynuarch vab seissill. naw mlyned.

Ac yn nessaf y hwnnw y gwledychawt gwruyw digu vab kynuarch. Ac yhwnnw ybu deu vab. nyd amgen no feruex a phorrex agwedy ssyrthiaw eu tat en heneint. y kyuodes teruysc rwng y meibion am y kyuoeth. Ac y keisiaud porrex llad feruex y vraud. A gwedy gwybod o feruex hynny ef a foes hyt ar siward brenhin freinc y geisiaw y borth ay nerth y oresgyn ynys brydein iar y vraud. A gwedy caffel ohonaw hynny gan brenhin freinc. ef a doeth ay lu hyt yn ynys brydein. Ac yny erbyn ynteu y doeth porrex ay lu. Ac yna y bu kyffranc calet ac aerua vawr o boptu. Ac yno y llas feruex ay lu. A gwedy gwybot o indon eu man ry lad o porrex feruex y vraud. Sef a oruc hitheu medyliaw llad ymab bew yn dial y mab marw. Ac val ydoed porrex yn kysgu yn y ystauell diwyrnawd gwedy y vwyd. ef adoeth y vam yr ystauell ayllau vorynnyon gyd a hi.Fol. 21v ay fustiaw yny gwsg yny vu yn dryllieu man. Ac odena drwy llawer o amseroed y bu kywdaudaul deruysc ymplith y bobil. ar deyrnas a dan pymp brenhyn yn rannedic. Ac wynteu yn ryuelu pob vn onadunt ar y gilid.

A gwedy treulaw llawer o amseroed yny mod hwnnw ydoeth Dyuynwal moyl mud vab dodiein tywyssauc kernyw. ac o bryt a gwed adewred y ragorei ef rac paub. A gwedy marw y dad; kyuodi a oruc ef yn erbyn pymer brenhin lloygyr aryuelu arnaw ay lad aoruc. Agwedy llad pymer duhunaw a oruc. Nidawc brenhin kymry. ac ystadyr brenhin y gogled ygyd. a ryuelu ar dyuynwal moyl mud. ac yn eu herbyn wynteu y doeth dyuynwal adegmil arugeint o wyr aruawc ganthaw a rodi cat ar vaes ydunt aoruc. a gwedy treulaw llawer or dyd drwy ymlad kreulon. neilltuaw aoruc dyuynwal a chwechanwyr gyt ac ef or gweisyon dewraf agauas. a gwisgau arueu eu gelynion ryledessit a ymdanadunt. acherdet drwy bydinoed eu gelynnyon yny doethant hyt yn lle yd oed Nidawc ac ystadyr. ac ymherued eu bydin eu llad yll deu. agoresgyn yr ynys or mor pwy gilid. agwedy hedychu pob peth. yperis dyuynwal gwneithur coron eur idaw amein maurweirthauc yndi. ay gwisgaw aoruc a gossot kyfreithieu or rei yd aruer y saesson etwa. a rodi noduaeu abrei nieu yr dinessyd ac yr temleu megys y hyscriuennws gildas vab chaw gwedy hynny. mal y gallei y neb awnelei gam caffel diogelwch yndunt.Fol. 22 ac yr ereidir ac ydiwyllodron y tir. ac yr briffyrd y rwg y dinessyd ahynny oll yn (vn) vreint ar temleu. Ac yny oes ef y pylwyt kledyfeu ylladron achripdeil y treiswyr. ac ny lauassei neb gwneithur cam ay gilid. a seith mlyned arugeint y gwledychws ef gwedy kymryt y goron. ac yna y bu varw yn llundein ac y clatpwyt ef ger llaw temphyl gyuundab yr hon awnathoed ef ehun urth cadarnhau y kyfreithieu ry wnathoed. Sef oed hynny. Mil.vic.vij. mlyned gwedy diliw.

A gwedy marw dyuynwal y kyuodes teruysc rwng y deu uab am y kyuoeth. nyd amgen no beli a bran. Agwedy llauwer ogynhenheu rygthunt y tagneuedwyt wynt. ac y rannwid ydyrnas rygthunt. Sef mal y rannwyt gadel i veli canis hynaf oed coron y dyrnas alloegyr achemre a chernyw. canys herwyd hen deuaut gwyr troia y mab hynaf adylyei y teilygdawt. Ac y bran canys yeuaf oed. or parth arall y humyr adwyn darystyngedigaeth yw vraud. Agwedy daruot cadarnhau henne y rygthunt. pym mlyned y buant yn llywyaw eu kyuoethieu yn hedwch dagnauedus. Ac yna y doeth teruysc wyr drwc yscumvnllyt abwrw athrot yrygthunt. achyghori y vran torri ydagneued a oed waradwyd idaw y chynnal. canys goruydei idaw daristwng yr neb ny bei ewch o waet noc ynteu.Fol. 22v A menegi vod yn degach idaw kymryt merch y vrenhin o ynys arall yn wreicka idaw; ac o nerth hwnnw ennyll y deilyngdawt ry gollassei. dracheuyn. Agwedy llenwy bran olid achyghoruynt ygeirieu hynny. ef aaeth hyt yn llychlyn ac a gymyrth merch yesling vrenhin llychlyn yn wreicka idaw. ac o nerth hynny keissiaw goresgyn kyuoeth y vrawd. Agwedy menegi hynny i veli. kynullaw aoruc ef agoresgyn yr alban yn gwbyl. agwarchadw yr aruordir rac dyuot ystrawn genedyl yr ynys yeu chyuarssanghu. ac y aros dyuodiat y vraut. A phan gigleu bran hynny; ef a gymyrth aneiryf lluossogrwyd o wyr llychlyn gyd ac ef. Aphan yttoydynt barawd y eu hynt; yr llongheu ydaethant ar vorwyn ygyd ac wynt. a dyrchauel hwyleu. a rwygaw moroed yny doethant hyt yngheuyn gweilgi. Ac yna y kyuaruu llyghes gwithlach brenhin denmarc ac wynt. gwedy ry venegi idaw ry vynet bran ar vorwyn vwiaf agarassei gwithlach ymeith or ynys. Ac yny kyuaruot hwnnw ymlad aoruc ydwy lynghes yn wychyr creulon ac yn yr ymlad hwnnw bwrw bacheu a oruc gwyr gwithlach yr llong lle yr oed y vorwyn ay thynnu yny vyd y vorwyn ympheruet llong gwithlach. ac yna y doeth gwasgaredic wynt a gwasgaru yr llongheu y amrauaelion draetheu. Agwedy eu bod velly pymp nywyrnawd arvawd. y bwriwt brenhin denmarc ar vorwyn gyt ac ef yr gogled y dir. Ac yna y doeth gwyr ywlat honno ac y daliassant wynt.Fol. 23 ac y dugant ger bron y brenhin lle yd oed yn arhos y vraut yn yr aruordir. Agwedy menegi y veli eu damchwein; llawen vv ganthaw. ac ev gorchymyn yn diogel a oruc yny gaffei kymryt kyghor amdanadunt. Agwedy hynny ychydic odydieu y doeth bran yr alban y dir. ac amofyn am ywasgaredic llynghes. ac ymoralw ac wynt ac eu kynullaw ygyt a oruc a allawd oreu onadunt. Ac yna y cauas manac ry daly brenhin denmarc. ar wreic vwiaf agarei gid ac ef. ac eu bot yngharchar beli yvraut. Agwedy gwybot hynny ohonaw anvon aoruc ar veli y vraud ac erchi idaw edvryt ygyuoeth idaw. ar carcharoryon ry deliessit yny gyuoeth. ac onys atuerey tynghu y gyuoytheu nef a daear. y llosgei ef yr ynys or mor pwy gilyd. ac ylladei agyuarfei ac ef. ac y lladei y ben ynteu od ymgaffei ac ef. A gwedy menegi i veli hynny. y nackau aoruc ef argwbyl. ac erchi idaw gwneithur a vei tyngheven idaw. Ac yna ymgyweiriaw a oruc bran ay lu. adyuot hyt yn llwyn calatir. Ac yny erbyn ynteu y doeth beli ay lu. ac yna ybu kyffranc calet creulon. ac y llas lluossogrwyd o bobparth. ac eissus or diwed y goruu beli. ac y gyrrwit bran ar fo ac ychydic oe wasgaredic llu hyt eu llongheu achyrchu yr mor aorugant a hwylaw hyt yn freinc. ac yny kyffranc hwnnw y llas pymthegmil owyr llychlyn.

A gwedy caffel o veli y vudugoliaeth.Fol. 23v ef a doeth ay lu gyt ac ef hyt yg caer efrawc ac y kymyrth ef y gynghor yno peth awneit am gwithlach brenhin denmarc ay orderch. ac yna y cauas yny gyghor. kymryd gwriogayth ganthaw atheyrnget pob blwidyn. a y ellwng ymmeith ef ay orderch y ev gwlat. a hynny a oruc ynteu. Ac yno y peris beli gwneithur arwiliant yr dwyweu. athalu diolycheu y baub oy wyr megis y raglydynt. Ac yno y peris ef cadarnhau y kyureitheu ry wnathoed y dad. Ac yno y peris ef gwneithur prif fyrd kyureithaul o veyn a chalch drwy yr ynys. vn onadunt o vor kernyw ar hyt yr ynys hyt y mor cattneis yn y gogled. a honno trwy y dinessyd agyuarffei a hi yn vn yawn. Ac arall ar draws yr ynys. o vyniw hyt ymphorth hamon. Adwy ford ereill yn amryscoyw croes yngroes ar rei hynny. Arodi breinieu a noduaeu yr fyrd hynny hyt na lauassei neb gwneithur neb rvw gam ay gilid arnadunt. Ac avynno gwybot breinieu y fyrd hynny; darlleet ky[f]reithieu dyuynwal moyl mud. y rei a ymchweilawd gilldas vap caw o gymraec yn lladoin. A gwedy hynny y trossas ayluryt vrenhin o ladin yn saysnec.

Damchwein bran vu dyuod hyt yn freinc adeudec marchawc gyt ac ef y geisiaw nerth gan dywyssogyon freinc y ennill y gyuoeth drachevyn ry gollassei. A gwedy menegi y bawb o nadunt y damchweyn ef; ay eruyn ynteu ydunt wynteu.Fol. 24 y nackau ar gwbyl aorugant. Agwedy gweled na chaffei ef dim; annobeithiaw yn vaur a oruc. amynet hyt yn bwrgwyn ygeissiaw nerth gan segwyn duc byrgwyn. ac ef a drigawd gyd ac ef hir yspeyd. A gwedy ym adnabot ac ef; caredic oed ganthaw ef bran. rac daet y gwidiat y wrth hely a chwn. ac ac adar. a phob ryw hely amarchogaeth yn dec advwyn. a gwr doeth ynghyghor arglwyd. tec athelediw ahynaws oed ynteu. acharedic gan bawb. a gwychyr a dewr yn arueu. Ac yna y kymyrth yduc y gyghor. ac arodes y vn verch idaw yn wreic bwis priawt. ay holl gyuoeth genthi. gwedy y dyd ef. gan ganneat y gyuoeth. canys nad oed etiued deduaul eithyr honno. Ac ny bu ben y vlwydyn gwedy hynny yny vu varw y duc. Ac yna ykymyrth bran y llywodraeth yn eidaw ef ehun. ac ny bu bell gwedy hynny yny gymyrth y gyghor am vynet y oresgyn ynys brydein iar beli y vraut. ac yny eu kyghor y caussant kynghreiriaw a brenhyoed freinc am vynet drwy ev gwladoed. ef ay lu. yn diargywed hyt yn flandrys heb wneithur drwc y neb; na neb ydunt wynteu. a hynny a gafsant. Ac yna kynullaw llu a oruc bran or tu draw mwiaf ac ygallawd. a dyuot hyt yn ynys brydein. Ac yny erbyn ynteu y doeth beli ar llu mwiaf ac y gallawd ynteu. A gwe dy dyuot y deu lu wyneb yn wyneb a mynnv ym gyrchu:Fol. 24v nachaf tonwen ev mam yn dyuot rwng y deu lu. ac yn taflu ymeith dillat yphen ac ellwng ygwallt dros y hysgwydeu. a rwigaw y dillat hyt y gwregys adyuot ay dwyuron yn noeth hyt yn lle yd oed bran y mab yn seuyll. ac yn erchi idaw; yr gwr ay kreawd ef. yn dyn yny chorf hi; o beth heb dim. ac yr y bronneu ry dynassei. ac yr y poen ar dolur agauas hitheu ir daw kyn ydyuot yr byd hwnn. arafhau y yrlloned; ac na pharei ef llad y sawl gwaet bonhedic a ry gynvllessit y gyd o bob gwlat. yno. achoffau na wnathoed y vrawd ydaw ef dim or cam. namyn ef a wnathoed cam yv vrawd ac idaw ehvn. pan aeth y geisiaw porth brenhin llychlyn y oresgyn ynys brydein yar y vrawd. ac arwyd na wnaeth y vrawd idaw dim or cam; onyd y yrru o vrdas vychan y vn aoed vwy. Canys bychan oed ran o ynys brydein; a mawr oed bot yn duc ym byrgwyn. Ac yna gwedy hedychu bran or ymadrodeon hynny; diosg y benfestyn aoruc adyuot y gyd ay vam tu ay vrawd. Aphan welas beli; bran y vrawd yn dyuot adrech tagneved ganthaw; bwrw aoruc ynteu y arueu y amdanaw amynet ydwylaw mynwgyl yv vrawd. ac yna y kymodassant amynet ygyd hyt yn llundein yn hyuryt llawen gorawenus ac eu lluoed gyd ac wynt. Ac yna y trigassant y gayaf honno.Fol. 25 ac yna ycaussant yn eu kynghor parattoi llynghes y vynet yoresgyn freinc. Ac ymphen y vlwydyn ydaethant y freinc. a y goresgynnassant hi. ar holl wledyd hyt yn ruvein. ¶ Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed deu dywyssawc yn gwledychu ruvein. nyd amgen gabius aphorcenna. A gwedy klywet bot beli abran yn dyuot ytu a ruvein. agwedy yr ystwng pawb ganthunt. ovynhau a orugant wynt. ac anvon athadunt ywneithur ev thangneved ac wynt. arodi llauwer o eur ac aryant yn deyrnged pob blwydyn ydunt yr caffel hynny. arodi pedwar meib arugeint or rei bonhedicgaf yn ruvein yn gwystlon ar hynny. A gwedy daruot ydunt ymgadarnhau ual hynny. wynt adrossassant ev lluoed ytu a germania a dechreu ryuelu ar y wlat honno. Agwedy gwelet o wyr ruvein hynny; ediuar vu ganthunt ydagneved ry wneithessynt. ac anvon ev kedernyt yn borth y wyr germania. Agwedy gwybod o veli abran hynny; yn eu kyghor y caussant. trigaw beli ay lu yno yn ymlad agwyr germania. a mynet bran ay lu yntev ytu a ruvein. A gwedy gwybot o wyr yr eidal hynny; ymadaw a orugant a gwyr germania acheisiaw caer ruvein o vlaen bran. A gwedy gwybot o veli hynny; mynet aoruc ef ay lu o hyt nos allechu ymevn glyn coedawc y ford y deuwei gwyr y eidal y tu aruvein. ar bore pan oed dyd y doeth gwyr yr eidal yr glyn.Fol. 25v Ac y kyuodes beli ay lu yn direbud ydunt ac ev llad yn olofrud ar ny gauas fo onadunt. ac odena y doeth beli hyt yn ruvein ar y vrawd y trydyt dyd idaw yn ymlad ar gaer. Ac yna y parassant dyrchauel crogwyd wrth porth y gaer. achrogi y pedwar meib arugeint. a gymeresseint yn gwistylon am eu kywirdeb ac ev teyrnget. gan wyr ruvein. Ac yna y doeth kennat y venegi y wyr ruvein y deuwei drannoeth y deu amherawdyr gabius aphorcenna yn nerth ydunt. A gwedy gwybot o beli abran hynny; kyweiriaw ev llu aorugant amynet yn ev herbyn ac ymlat ac wynt yn wychyr calet creulon ac yna y llas gabius aphorsenna ac ev kywdawdwyr yn llwyr. Ac yna y dychwelaud beli abran yr gaer drachevyn ay distriw ay goresgyn hep olud. sef oed hynny. M.vic.xxxv. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy caffael onadunt y vudugolyaeth honno llawen vu ganthunt. Ac yna yn ev kynghor y caussant adaw bran yno yn amherawdyr yn ruvein. ac y darystung y bobil mal y gwelei yarglwydiaeth ef vot yn yawn. ac ynteu ay darystyngawd wynt o angklywedic crulonder megis ymeneic ystoria gwyr ruvein gwedy hynny. Ac y doeth beli hyt yn ynys brydein yn llawen hyuryt gorawenus. athrwy hedwch y gorffennws ef y vuched. Ac ef awnaeth caer ar avon wysc ger llaw mor hafren yr hon a elwyt caer wysc drwy llawer o amseroed.Fol. 26 ahonno oed archescopty dyuet gwedy hynny yn hir. Agwedy dyuot gwyr ruvein y ynys brydein: ydilywt henw y gaer. ac y gelwyt oc ev ieith wynt. caer legion. canys yn llengheu ydeuweint yr ynys hon. ac yno ypresswyllynt y gayaf can mwyaf. agwedy kymysgu llawer o ieithoed y gyd; y gelwit yn gaer llion. a Mil achwechant ac vn arbymthec arugeint o vlwynyded gwedy dwfyr diliw oed pan dechrewt y gaer. Ac ef awnaeth yn llundein ar lan temys porth gywreint y weith. athwr anryued y veint y arnaw. a disgynva llongheu y adanaw. ac ay gelwys yn borth beli. a gwedy dyuot ystrawn genedloed yr ynys. y gelwyd yn beling ys gat. Agwedy dyuot teruyn y vuched; ef alosget ygorf ac adodet y llydyw mevn baril eureit. ac agudywt yny twr ry wnathoed ef ehun yn llundein. sef oed hynny. M.dc.xlv. mlyned gwedy diliw.

A gwedy marw beli yd urdwyt gurgant varf drwch y vab ynteu yn vrenhin. athebic oed y genedueu yr hwnn y dad. Agwedy ry glywet o vrenhin denmarc ry varw beli; keisiaw aoruc attal yteyrnget rac y vab. agwedy gwybot o gurgant hynny: kyweiriaw llynghes a oruc. a mynet hyt yn denmarc. ac ymlad a gwythlach brenhin denmarc ay lad aoruc. agoresgyn ywlat achymell arnadunt talu y teyrnged pob blwydyn idaw ef; megys ytalpwyd yw dad kynnoc gef. Agwedy caffel o honaw kedernyt ar hynny ymchwelud a oruc adref yn hyuryt lawen gorawenus.Fol. 26v Aphan yttoed yn dyuot drwy ynysset orc; ef agyuaruu ac ef dec llong arugeint yn llawn o wyr a gwraged. Agwedy amovyn ac wynt o pa le pan hanoedynt. y managassant ev hanuot or yspayn. ac ev bot yn amgylchynv moroed yn keisiaw lle y presswiliaw yndi. yr blwydyn ahanner kyn no hynny. y gwrthledessit wyn oc ev gwlat a bartholoun yn dywyssauc arnadunt. Ac ervynneit aorugant y gurgant le y presswylaw yny deyrnas ef. Agwedy adnabod ev hadolwyn ef adoeth ac adangosses ywerdon ac ay rodes ydunt. canys diffeith oed yna heb gyuanned yndi. Ac wynt a aethant hyt yn ywerdon ac y gwledychassant hi. ac yndi ymaent yn y phresswiliaw yr hynny hyt hediw. Ac yn oes gurgant ybu y seith wyr doetheon y rei a gauas ykeluydodeu kyntaf o annean. ac olawer o bethheu ereill ac ay ysgriuennessant ac ay dysgassant. disgybyl ydunt oed anaximander. adisgybyl idaw yntev oed anaximeneu. disgybyl idav yntev oed anaxagoras. disgybyl idav yntev oed aerchelaus. adisgybyl idav yntev oed socrates. adisgybyl idav ynteu oed plato. adisgybyl idau yntev oed aristotiles. Ac yn amser hvnnw Sibille doeth agoleuhaawd llawer oc ev gweithredoed. A gwedy dyuot teruyn buchet gurgant y clathpwyt ef ynghaer llion ar wysc yn yr honn yr adeiliassei y dad. ac yhanrydedassei yntev o adei liadeu acheiryd. M.dc.lxx. gwedy diliw. y bu varw.Fol. 27

A gwedy marw gurgant varyf drwch ydoyth kuhelyn y vab yn vrenhin agwreic vonhedic aoed idaw a Marcia oed y henw. ar holl geluydodeu awydyat. a hi a gymorthes y brenhin o lywiaw y vrenhinyaeth yn hedwch dagnavedus tra uu vew. Ac vn mab a oed idi ohonaw a seisil oed yhenw. Ahi awnaeth kyfreitheu y rei a elwyt kyfreith Marcian. ac ohonadunt y traethwyd yr ynys drw lawer o amseroed. ac y trossas aylvryt vrenhin wynt o vrytanyec yn saysnec. ac ay gelwys merchyenlage. Agwedy gwledychu o kuhelyn teir blyned ardec drwy hedwch athagneued ybu varw. M.dc.lxxxiii. o vlwynyded gwedy diliw.

A gwedy marw kuhelyn y kymyrth marcian vrenhines llywodraeth ynys brydein yn eidi ehvn. canys doeth oed achymen achywreint y wrth pob peth. ac nad oed o oedran ar y mab namyn seithmlwyd. Agwedy gwledychu o honei wyth mlyned yn hedwch tagnauedus y bu varw. M.dc.lxxxxi. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy Marcian y kymyrth seissill y mab coron y deyrnas. ac ay llywyawd yn hynaws caredic naw mlyned ar vn tu ac yna y bu varw Sef oed hynny gwedy dwfyr diliw. Mil aseith cant o vlwynyded.

Fol. 27vA gwedy seissill y kymyrth kynvarch y vab yntteu llywodraeth ydeyrnas ac ny wledychawd ef onyd pymph mlyned yny vu varw. pymp mlyned a M a seith cant gwedy diliw. oed hynny.

A gwedy marw kynvarch y kymyrth Dan y vraud ef llywodraeth ydeyrnas. canys nessaf oed o waed. ac ny wledychawd hvnnw onyd deng mlyned yny vu varw. sef oed hynny. M.dcc.xv. mlyned gwedy diliw.

A gwedy marw dan. y kymyrth Morud y vab yntteu coron ydeyrnas. ahwnnw a uu dirvaur meynt y glod o haelder adeured pei nad ymrodei y ormod o greulonder. Ac yny amser ef y doeth brenhin Moryan a llu mawr ganthaw yr gogled y dir. a dechreu ryuelu yn gadarn. Ac yny erbyn yntteu y doeth Morud ay lu. ac ymlad aorugant yn wychyr creulon. amwy aladei Morud e hvn noc a ladei gynmwyaf y lu. A gwedy blynaw o honaw oc ev llad; yderchys ef ev blingyaw yn vyw. ac odena ev llossgi ylenwi ygreulonder ef. A gwedy hynny ydoeth y ryw dygheduen y dial y enwired arnaw. sef oed hynny. y ryw bwystuil creulon a doeth y urth vor ywerdon ahwnnw a lynghei pob peth or a gyuarfei ac ef. Agwedy klybot o vorud hynny; ef a aeth ehunan y ymlad ar bwystuil. Agwedy treulyaw yarveu yn over. yr aniueil hvnnw ay savyn yn egoret ay kyrchawt ac ay llyngawd val pysgodyn bychan. sef oed hynny y bymthecvet vlwydyn o oed ydeyrnas.Fol. 28 a Mil. aseith cant. adec arugeint. gwedy diliw. A phymp meib hagen a oed idaw. nyd amgen. Gorbonyavn. arthal. elidir. owein. apharedur.

A gwedy Morud y kymyrth Gorbonyavn y vab lywodraeth y deyrnas canys hynaf oed onadunt. ac nyd oed yn yr amser hvnnw gwr gyuyawnach noc ef. na mwy agarei wirioned heb vynnv dym or cam. Agwedy gwledychu vn vlwydyn arbympthec o honaw yn hedwch dagnauedus. y bu varw ac y cladpwyd ef ynghaer llundein. M.dcc.xlvi. o vlwynyded gwedy diliw.

A gwedy ynteu y doeth arthal y vrawt yn vrenhin. Ac ym pob peth gwrthwyneb oed y weithredoed gorbonyavn y vraud. y bonhedigion. ar dyledogyon a ystyngei. ar anyledogyon a dyrchauei. ar kyuoethogyon a anreithyei y gynullaw sswllt idaw ehvn. A gwedy y vot val hynny chwech blyned val hynny. gorthrwm y kymyrth y wyrda yarglwydiaeth ef. Ac yn ev kynghor y caussant y wrthlad or vrenhiniaeth. ac vrdaw elidir y vraud yn vrenhin. yr hwn a elwit elidir war gwedy hynny. A hynny a wnaethant.

A gwedy urdaw elidir yn vrenhin. ef awledychawd yn hedwch dagnauedus chwech blyned ar vn tu. Ac val yd oed diwyrnawd gwedy ry vynet y hely forest yn llwyn calatyr. y kyuaruu arthal y vraut yn diarwybot ac ef. y gwr ry diholyessit gynt oy deyrnas;Fol. 28v ar ydecuet marchawc gyd ac ef. Agwedy gwelet o elidir ef. llawenhau aoruc y galon urthaw. abryssiav y dwylaw mynwgyl idaw. Agwedy ymdidan ac ef; wylaw achwynaw y agkyfnerth a oruc. ac yn dirgeledic ef ay duc ganthaw hyt yngaer allclut ay gudiaw yny ystauell. a oruc. Ac odyna dechmygu y vod ehvn ynglaf. ac anvon kennadeu y dyvynnv attav y tywyssogyon pennaf or ynys y ymwelet ac ef. A gwedy dyuot paub yr dinas. anvon a oruc yn ol pob vn onadunt pob eil wers. y dyuot yr ystauell yn dauwel rac argywedu arnaw odim. A gorchymyn yr gwassanaethwyr kemryd pob vn onadunt mal ydelei ac ev dwyn yr ystauell attadunt. ar neb nyd yuudhaeu y ev gorchymyn wynt; ev kymryd allad ev pennev. Agwedy ev dyuot yr ystauell y peris elidir ydunt gwrhau eilweith y arthal y vraut. ar neb nys gwnelei; llad y ben a gaffei. A gwedy dwyn y tywyssogyon yn vn ac arthal y vraut drwy vygytheu; ytagnauedaud ef ac wynt. Ac odena yd aethant y gyd hyt yngkaer efrauc. ac y peris gwneithur gwled darparedic. Ac y kymyrth y goron yam y ben e hvn ay dodi am ben arthal y vraud. Ac wrth hynny y gelwid ef yn elidir war o hynny allan. sef oed hynny. Mil.dcc.lxiii. o vlwynyded gwedy diliw.

A gwedy urdaw arthal yn vrenhin yr eil weith y gwledychaud yn hedwch dagnavedus deng mlyned gan emendau ydrucdeuodeu ry wnathoed gynt.Fol. 29 ac or diwet y bu uarw ac y cladpwyt ef yngkaer llyr. M.dcc.lxxiij.

A gwedy arthal y detholet elidir yr eil weith yn vrenhin. Agwedy y vod teir blyned yn gwledychu. y doeth y deu vroder yeuaf. nyd amgen. ewein apharedur aryuelu obop parth arnaw. ac ymlat ac ef yn gadarn ac yn greulon. ac ordiwet caffael onadunt y uudygolyaeth. a daly elidir; ay dodi yngkarchar y mevn twr yn llundein a gwercheidweid gyd ac ef. M.dcc.lxxvi. gwedy diliw.

Ac yna y kymyrth ewein apharedur ydeyrnas ac y rannassant y ryngthunt. nyd amgen nogyd y ewein. lloygyr achemry a chyrniw. Ac y baredur ohvmvr hwnt. A gwedy ev bot velly seith yn gwledychu; y bu varw ewein ac y ssyrthiaud y deyrnas yn gwbyl: yn llaw paredur. M.dcc.lxxxiii. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy bot paredur yn vrenhin ar gwbyl or ynys. ef ay llywyaud yn hygar dagnavedus mal yd oed amlwc y vot yn well nogyd y holl vrodyr kyn noc ef. Ac na choffeit elidir: rac daet arglwyd oed paredur. A gwedy gwledychu paredur ar gwbyl or ynys wyth mlyned y bu varw. sef oed hynny. M.dcc.lxxxxi. gwedy diliw. Ac yna y duc pwyt elidir o garchar ac yd urdwyt yn vrenhin ydrydyweith.Fol. 29v

A gwedy urdaw elidir yn vrenhin. ef awledychaud. vn vlwydyn arugeint yn hedwch dagnauedus ar ynys brydein. a hynny drwy pob ryw dayoni or a allei neb ywneithur ac yna y bu varw. M.dccc.xij. mlyned gwedy diliw.

A gwedy elidir y doyth Rys vab gorbonyaun yn vrenhin. A chyffelib oed o ssynnwyr aphrudder a doethineb yr hwn y ewythyr. ac ny wledychaud namyn dwy vlyned yny vu varw. sef oed hynny. M.dccc.xiiii. o vlwynyded gwedy diliw.

A gwedy Rys y doeth Margan vab arthal yn vrenhin. achyuyaunder a gwirioned agarei ef. ac ny wledychaud onyd vn vlwydvn. yny vu varw. M.dccc.xv. mlyned gwedy diliw.

A gwedy Margan y doeth Eyniaun y vraud yn vrenhin. aphellhau a oruc y wrth annwydeis Margan y vraut yn llywyaw yrbobyl. A gwedy yuot chwech blyned yn gwledychu val hynny drwy creulonder. y doed ydywyssogion y gyd ay vwrw or vrenhiniaeth allan. a dethol Idwal vab owein yn vrenhin. sef oed hynny. M.dccc.xxi. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy urdaw Idwal vab ewein yn vrenhin emendau aoruc drwc weithredoed einyaun y gar. ac ny wledychaud ef namyn dwy vlyned yny vu varw. M.dccc.xxiij. gwedy diliw. ac yn dydieu hwnnw y bu Jesus vab iosedech yn bennaf or efeirieit. ac esoras. ac zorobabel yn dywyssogion.

A gwedy Idwal y doeth Run vab paredur yn vrenhin.Fol. 30 ac ny wledychaud hwnnw onyd seith mlyned. ac yna ybu varw. M.dccc.xxx. gwedy dyliw. o vlwynyded.

A gwedy Run y doeth Gereint vab elidir war yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a wledychawd vgeint mlyned. ac yn oes hwnnw y bu Cambyses vab cyrus brenhin pers. ac ohenw arall. nobugodonosor y gelwyt. brenhin brenhined y dwyrein. ac yna y bu varw gereint M.dccc.l.

A gwedy gereint y doeth cadell vab gereint yn vrenhin. a hwnnw awledychawd deng mlyned. ac yna y bu varw. M.dccc.lx. mlyned gwedy dwfyr diliw.

A gwedy cadell y doeth coel vab cadell yn vrenhin yn ynys brydein. ac y gwledychaud hwnnw. deng mlyned. ac yna y bu varw. M.dccc.lxx. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy coel y doeth porrex vab coel yn vrenhin. a hwnnw awledychws deudeng mlyned ac yna y doeth tervyn y uuched. M.dccc.lxxxij.

A gwedy porrex y doeth cherin vab porrex yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a wledychawd seith mlyned. a thri meib a vu idaw. Ac yna y doeth tervyn y uuched. M.dccc.lxxxix. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy cherin y doeth. Sulyen vab cherin yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a wledychws pymp mlyned yn hedwch dagnauedus. ac yna y bu varw. M.dccc.lxxxxv. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy sulien y doeth Eudaf vab cherin y vraut yn vrenhin.Fol. 30v ac ny wledychaud hwnnw onyt pymp mlyned. ac yna y bu varw. M.dcccc. Mlyned gwedy dwfyr diliw.

A gwedy eudaf y doeth Andreu vab cherin y vraud yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a wledychws deudeng mlyned. ac yna y bu varw. M.dcccc.xij. mlyned gwedy diliw.

A gwedy andreu y doeth vryen vab andreu yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a wledychaud wyth mlyned. ac yna y bu varw. M.dcccc.xx. mlyned.

A gwedy vrien y doeth Ithel vab vrien yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a wledychaud. vgeint mlyned. ac yna y bu varw ef. M.dcccc.xl. mlyned gwedy dwfyr diliw.

A gwedy ithel y doeth kelydauc vab ithel yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a wledychaud namyn yn vlwydyn vgeint. ac yna y bu varw. Mil.dcccc.lix. o vlwynyded gwedy llif noe.

A gwedy kelydauc y doeth klytno vab kelydauc yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a wledychaud teir blyned ar dec. ac yna y bu varw. M.dcccc.lxxij. o vlwynyded gwedy diliw.

A gwedy klytno y doeth Gorwst vab klytno yn vrenhin. A hwnnw a wledychaud teyr blyned ardec. ac yna y bu varw. M.dcccc.lxxxv. o vlwynyded gwedy diliw.

A gwedy gorwst y doeth Meiryaun vab gorwst yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a wledychws deudeng mlyned. mlyned.Fol. 31 ac yna y bu varw. M.dcccc.xcvii. o vlwnyded gwedy llif noe.

A gwedy Meiryawn y doeth Bleidud y vab yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a wledychaud teir blynet ar ynys brydein. ac yna y bu varw. dwy vil o vlwynyded gwedy diliw.

A gwedy bleidud y doeth Caph y vab ynteu yn vrenhin. ac a wledychaud deng mlyned arugeint. ac yna y bu varw. ijmacron.xxx. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy caph y doeth Ewein vab caph yn vrenhin. ac ny wledychaud ef onyd teir blyned. ac yna y bu varw. ijmacron.xxxiij. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy ewein y doeth Seissill y vab ynteu yn vrehyn. A hwnnw a wledychaud. wyth mlyned. ac yna y bu varw. ijmacron.xli.

A gwedy seissill y doeth Blegywryt yn vrenhin. ac ny bu eryoed kantor kystal ac ef o geluydyt music. na chwareyd kystal ac ef o hudawl. Ac am hynny y gelwyd ef duw y gwaraeu. A hwnnw awledychaud ar ynys brydein. wyth mlynet arugeint. ac yna y bu varw. ijmacron.lxix. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy blegywryd y doeth Arthuael y vraut yn vrenhin. A hwnnw a wledychaud seith mlyned arugeint. Ac yna ybu varw. sef oed hynny. ijmacron.lxxxviij. o vlwynyded gwedy diliw.

A gwedy arthuael y doeth Eidol vab arthuael yn vrenhin. Ac ef a wledychaud deudeng mlyned. Ac yna y bu varw. ijmacron.c. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy eidol y doeth Rydeon vab eidol yn vrenhin.Fol. 31v ac a wledychaud. naw mlyned. ac yna y bu varw. ijmacron.c.ix. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy rydeon y doeth Ryderch y vab ynteu yn vrenhin. a hwnnw awledychawd vn vlwydyn arbymthec ac yna y bu varw. sef oed hynny. ijmacron.c.xxv. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy ryderch y doeth Sawyl vab ryderch yn vrenhin. ac a wledichawd pymptheng mlyned. ac yna ybu varw. ijmacron.c.xl.

A gwedy sawyl y doeth pyrr y vab ynteu. yn vrenhin. Ac awledychawd deng mlyned. ac yna y teruynws y uuched. ijmacron.c.l.

A gwedy pyrr y doeth Capoir y vab ynteu yn vrenhin pymp mlyned. ac yna y bu varw ef. ijmacron.c.lv. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy capoir ydoeth Manogan y vab ynteu yn vrenhin. Ac ef a wledychws ar ynys brydein. naw mlyned. ac yna y daruu ef. ijmacron.lxiiij.

A gwedy manogan y doeth Beli y vab ynteu yn vrenhin ar ynys brydein. ac y gwledychws ef deudeng mlyned. Ac y bu pedwar meib idaw nyd amgen. llud. a llyuelis. a chaswallaun. a Nynnyaw. Ac yna ybu varw beli mawr. sef oed hynny ijmacron.c.lxxvi. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy beli mawr y doeth Llud y vab ynteu yn vrenhin canys hynaf oed or plant. A hwnnw a atnewydhawd muroed llundein. ay hadeiliadeu. ay damgylchynu o anneirif diroed. A phresswyliaw yndi y ran vwyaf or vlwydyn.Fol. 32 Ac ay gelwys oy henw ef ehun. yn gaer llud. Agwedy dyuot ystrawn genedloed idi. y gelwit lundene. nev ereill ay galwei yn lundrys. Ac or diwed caer llundein. llyuelis hagen agarei ef yn vwiaf oy vrodyr canys prud oed adoeth achymen. A gwedy clywed onadunt marw brenhin freinc. heb etiued idaw onyd vn verch. ar kyuoeth yn llaw honno. yn ev kynghor y caussant anvon llyuelis ar dywyssogion freinc y erchi y vorwyn yn wreicka idaw ar llywodraeth genthi. A hynny agauas ynteu yn llawen. Ac ynteu ay kymyrth ac ay llywyws hyt tra vu vew. yn hynaws fydlawn garedic. Ac yn oes llud y bu. Pompeius. a Crassus. a Julius cesar. yn dywyssogion sened ruvein. ar pompeius hvnnw a orysgynws gwlat Judea. ac ay darystyngawd y sened ruuein. A gwedy llithraw talym o amser teir gormes adigwydws yn ynys brydein. ny ry welsit gynt ev kyfriw. vn oed onadunt kenedyl a elwit coranieit. achymeint oed ev gwibod. ac nad oed ymadraud or y kyuarfei y gwynt ac ef; ny wyppynt pan gyhyrdei ygwint hwnnw ac wynt. Ac urth hynny ny ellit vn argywed ydunt. Eil oed diaspat adodit pob nos galanmei uch pob aylwyt yn ynys brydein. a thruy galon pawb idai y diaspat honno yn gymeint. ac y collei y gwyr ev lliw ac ev nerth.Fol. 32v ar gwraget eu beichogieu. ar meibion. ar merchet ev synhwyreu. ar aniveilieit. ar gwyd. a adawei yn diffrwith. Tryded gormes oed yr meint vei ydarmerth ar arlwy a barattoyt yn llyssoed y brenhinet. kyd bei arlwy vlwydyn. o vwyt adiawt. ny cheffit dim byth ohonaw namen adreulit yn yr vn nos kyntaf. Ac eissiwys kyhoed oed ac amlwc yr ormes gyntaf. y dwy ormes ereill; nyd oed a wyppei pa ystyr aoed ydunt. Ac urth hynny goueilieint a phryder a gymyrth llud yndaw. am na wydiat gwaret y gormessoed hynny or ynys. A medyliaw a oruc vynet y ymwelet allyuelis y vraud y ymgyghor ac ef. A gwedy gwybot olyuelis dyuodiat y vraud llawen vu ganthaw. a dyuot yny erbyn aoruc a niuer mawr y gyt ac ef yn enrydedus. a myned y dwylau mynwgyl idaw. A gwedy menegi o lud ystyr y neges yw vraut. ynteu a beris gwneithur corn hir mal y gellynt ymdidan drwy yr corn. val na chaffei y coranieit dim or gwynt yam yr ymadrawd. a rac gwybot eu hynny. A phan oed barawd y corn. ymdidan awnaethant. ac ny chaffei yr vn ygan y gilid onyd attep gochwerw. Ac yna adnabot o lyuelis yr vynet kythreuliaeth yny corn. apheri y olchi a gwin a oruc. ac o rinwed y gwin mynet y kythreul or corn. Ac yna y caussant ev hymadrawd yn iawn. Ac yna ymenegis llud y holl negesseu urth llyuelis y vraud.Fol. 33 Ac yna y dywaut llyuelis y rodei ef idaw y ryw bryuet. ac erchi idaw ev briwau mevn dwfyr gwedy y delei adref. a dyuynnu paub y gyt or a oed yny deyrnas. abwrw y dwuyr hwnnw yn gyffredyn ar y bobyl. ac ef a gadarnhaei y bydei varw y coranyeit. ac nad argywedei ar y bryttannyeit. Eil ormes a dyweist yw. dreic oc awch kenedil chwi. a dreic arall o ystrawn genedyl yssyt yn ymlad pob nos calanmei. aphob vn onadunt yn keisiaw goresgyn ar y gylid. aphan welo auch dreic chwi. y llall yn goresgyn arnei. yna ydyd hitheu o lid ydiaspat yngiriawl aglywch chwi. Allyma val y gelly di gwibot hynny yn wir. Pan delech adref par vessuraw yr ynys y hyt ay lled. a lle keffych y pwynt perued. par gladu yno pwll. agyssod kerwyn yn llawn or med goreu a geffir yny pwll hwnnw. adod llenn obali ar wyneb y gerwyn. a byd dy hwn yny gwyliau. athi ay gwely wynt yn ymlad yn aruthyr yn yr auwyr. ac yn bwrw tanllachar. pob vn ar ygilid. Agwedy y delwynt hyt pwynt perued or ynys. ny chilia yr vn onadunt rac y gilid. ac yno ybyd ymlad engiriaul ryngthunt. a gwedy blinwynt; wynt a ssyrthant yn rith deu borchell ar warthaf y llenn. ac asudant yllenn ganthunt. hyt ynguaelaut y gerwyn. ac yna gwedy y clywynt yn wlyb yn eu kylch. yued y med awnant. a bod yn vedw a chusgu.Fol. 33v Ac yna plycka ditheu y llenn yn ev kilch. Ac yny lle cadarnaf ageffych yth gyuoeth ac anyalaf ymevn kist vayn clad di wynt yn dwuyn yny dayar. hyt tra vythwynt yno. ny daw gormes arall wlat y dir ynys brydein.

E dryded gormes yw. gwr cadarn lledurithauc yssyt yn dwyn. dy vwyt ti ath lyn. drwy hut alleturith. ac abeir y baub gysgu. tra vo ef yn hynny. Ac urth hynny ymae reit ytt yth briaut berson dy hun. gwyliau dy darmerth ath arlwy. A rac goruod arnat o gysgu. bit kerwyn yn llawn o dwuyr oer ger dy lau a phan vo kysgu yn treissiau arnat; dos yr gerwyneit dwfyr. a phan welech dy gyfle ar y gwr ymdiala ac ef os mynne. A gwedy daruot ydunt ev ymdidaneu. llud a doeth y ynys brydein a dyvynnv attau y holl kyuoeth. abriwaw y pryuet mevn dwfyr mal yd erchys y vrawt idaw. A bwrw y dwfyr yn gyffredyn arnadunt. Ac yn diannot y bu varw y coranieit. heb argywedu ar ybryttannyeit. Ac ym penn yspeit gwedy hynny llud aberys messurau yr ynys y hyt ay lled. ac yn rydychen ycavas y pwynt perued. Ar lle hwnnw a beris ef y gla(du). agwneithur pob peth mal yd archadoed llyuelys y vraud idau. Ac yn wir ef awelas pob peth val y dywetpwyt urthau. A gwedy gwelet y dreigeu yn ssyrthiaw yny gerwyn achysgu. dynessau aoruc attadunt. Aphlygu y llenn yn ev kylch yn diogel. Ac yny lle cadarnaf ardiogelaf or ynys.Fol. 34 peri ev cladu yn dyfynder y dayar mevn kist vayn. yn erryri. lle gelwyt gwedy hynny dinas emreis. Ac y peidws y diaspat tymestlus o hynny allan. Ac odena llud a beris arlwiaw gwled dir vaur ymeint. A gwedy y bod yn barawt. gossot kerwyn yn llawn o dwfyr oer ger y lau a oruc. Ac ef ehvn yny briaud berson yny gwyliaw. Ac val y byd velly ef a glyw llawer o amrauaylion gerdeu yny gymell y gysgu. sef a oruc ynteu rac goruot o gysgu arnav mynet yr dwfyr oer yn vynych. Ac or diwed ef awelei gwr diruaur y veint ac arueu trum cadarn ymdanaw yn dyuot ymevn. a chawell ganthav. ac y megys y gnotaassei gynt yn dodi yr holl darmerth. o vwyt allynn yny cawell. ac yn cychwyn ymeith ac ef. A phan weles llud hynny. bwrw neit yny ol aoruc. ac yn wrd erchi idav arhos. a dywedud wrthav val hynn. kyt gwnelut ym golledev kyn no hyn; nyt ei bellach ony varn dy vilwriaeth dy vot yn drech no mi. Ac yntev ay arhoes ef attav a chreulon dyrnodieu a newidiassant. yny oed y tan yn ehedec or cledyfeu ac or arueu ereill. Ac or diwed ymavel yll deu. yn greulon ac yn gadarn. ac y damchweynws yr brenhin bwrw yr ormesswr y ryngthav ar daear. A gwedy goruot arnav o grym ac angerd; erchi y naud a oruc idav. trwy gedernyt yr brenhyn ennill ydaw y holl colledeu ry wnathoed idav erioed.Fol. 34v a bot yn wr fydlaun idaw o hynny allan. A hynny agymyrth y brenhin yganthau. ay dillwng ymeith. Ac velly y guaravt llud y teir gormes o ynys brydein. Ac o hynny hyt diwed y oes y gwledichaud yn hedwch dagnauedus. A gwedy y varw y kudiwyt y gorf ynghaer llundein ger llau y porth a elwir yng kymraec oy enw ef ehvn. yn borth llud. Ac yn saesnec ludysgate. Sef oed hynny gwedy diliw. dwy vil. a deu cant. aphedeir blyned. A deu vab hagen a oed idaw. nyd amgen avayrwy. atheneuan. ac wrth nad yttoedynt yn oedran y lywiav y deyrnas. y detholet caswallavn vab beli ev hewythyr wynt braud ev tad yn vrenhin ar ynys brydein.

A gwedy urdaw Caswallaun yn vrenhin. ef a ymrodes ywarder yn gymeint; hyt nat oed neb yn anvodlaun idav. acharu gwirioned a chyfyaunder a wnay. Ac yr yuot ef yn vrenhin. ny vynnei ef didymmv y neiynt or ynys. namyn rodi rann vaur ydunt. Sef y rodes y auarwy y nei. llundein ac yarllaeth keint. Ac a rodes y theneuan y nei y llall yarllaeth kernyw. Ac ynteu ehun yn vrenhin ar gwbyl. Ac yn yr amser (hvn[nw]) yd oed vlkessar amheraudyr Ruuein y(n) goresgyn yr ynyssoed a oed yn ev kylch. A gwedy goresgyn freinc o honav. ef adoeth hyt yn Rwiten. agwelet ynys a wnaeth kyuerbyn ac ef. ytu ar gorllewin. A govyn pa dir a welei yam ymor ac ef. Ac ydywat kyuarwyt idaw pan yw ynys brydein y gelwyt honno.Fol. 35 ac yna ymovin yn llwyr ystyr yr ynys ar bobil a oed yny gwledychu. A gwedi menegi idaw yn llwyr o bop peth or a ovynnaud. dywedut a oruc. llyna oc an kenedil ny gwyr ruvein. canys y ruvein y doeth eneas yn gyntaf o droya. ac awledychavd yr eidal. ef ay etiued yr hynny hyt hediw. ac wyr y eneas oed brutus y gur a oresgynnavt yr ynys honno gyntaf. a theb yw gennyfi na byd annavt ynny darystwng yr ynys honno y sened ruvein. canys yny mor ymaent heb wybot ryuelu na dwyn arueu ymlad. Ac yna anvon kennadeu a oruc vlkessar hyt ar gasswallavn y erchi idaw teyrnget a darystyngedigaeth y sened Ruuein; o ynys brydein. drwy ev bod ac ev kerennyd. rac y lauuriav ef ay lu. a goruot arnav ellwng gwaet bonhedigion o ynys brydein. ac ev kymell o nerth aruev. canys hanoedynt o vn waed a gwyr Ruuein. Amenegi nad oed gywilid ydunt bod yn drethaul y sened Ruuein; canys daroed ydunt darystwng holl ynyssoed or dwyrein hyt y gorllewin dieithyr ynys brydein y hvn. A gwedy gwibot o gaswallaun eu hadolwyn; yny gyghor y cafuas ev nackau ar gwbyl. a menegi ry ffo ev rieni rac dyborthi gethiwet o bob ynys hyt yn ynys brydein. ac am gaffel honno yn ryd y trigassant yndi. Ac o bei neb ageisiev dwyn ev ryddyt yarnadunt; wynt a geisieint yamdiffin

Fol. 35vos galleynt.

llythyr Caswallaun.

Caswallaun brenhin ynys brydein yn anvon y vlkessar. anryuet yv meint chwant gwyr ruuein o sychet eur ac areant hyt na allant an gadu yn hedwch ymperygleu gweilgioed odieithyr byt y diodef an gouyd hep ryuygu deissyuieit swllt arnam or lle auedassam ny yn ryd dagnauedus kyn no hyn. ac nyt dogyn ganthunt hynny. onyd gan dwyn an ryddit y genhym an gwneithur yn gaeth a gwneithur darystyngedigaed ydunt. Ac wrth hynny vlkessar gwaradwyd yv ytti de hun a ercheist. Pan llithro kyffredyn wythen boned y brytanieit a romanyeit. o eneas. ar vn gadwyn yn rwymau yr vn boned o gerennyd yr hon adylyei kyssyllu gadarn gedymeithas y ryngthunt. yr hon adylyeint wy y hadolwyn ynny ac nyt keithiwet. canys gnodach uu gennym rodi yn ryd noc arwein gwed geithiwet. canys kymeint y gordyfnassam ny ryddit ac nawdam vfydhau y geithiwet. aphetuei y dwyweu eu hunein a vedylynt dwyn an ryddit iarnam. ny alauuriem yw dwyn y ganthunt ac a wrthnebem ydunt yw attal o bop kyfriw lauur ac y gallem. Ac wrth hynny bid hyspys yth aruaeth di vlkessar yn bot ny yn baraud y ymlad dros an ryddit an teyrnas o deuwy di y ynys brydein mal y bygythy. A gwedy gwybot o vlkessar atteb y brytanyeit ac ystyr eu llythyr gorthrum oed ganthau hynny. apheri kyweiriau llynges idaw hep olud y dyuot y ynys brydein. a phan oed baraut y llynghes. wynt a doethant hyt yn aber temys. Ac yn eu herbyn wynteu y doeth. Caswallaun.Fol. 36 a Nynnyau y vraut. a Beli y ben teulu. ac Auarwy y nei twyssauc lundein. a theneuan Jarll kernyw. Caradauc brenhyn yr alban. Guerthaed brenhin gwynet. Brithael brenhin brenhin dyuet. ac eu lluoed. Agwedy eu dyuot hyt ynggastell doral. wynt a welynt ev gelynnyon yn pebylliaw ar ytraeth. Ac yn eu kynghor y caussant kyrchu gwyr Ruuein heb olud. ac ymlad yn wychyr ac wynt. a llad lluossogrwyd o bob tu. ac yn yr ymlad hwnnw y kyuaruu Nynnyau ac vlkessar. a da oed gan nynnyau hynny. canys ry glywssei milwriaeth vlkessar ay glot kyn no hynny. Agwedy newidiau dyrnodieu creulon onadunt. hagyr oed gan vlkessar gwrthnebu ydaw kyhyt ahynny. ac oe holl nerthoed dyrchauel y gledyf a oruc acheisieu nynnyau ar yben. ay derbynnieit ohonav ynteu ar y daryan. yny lynavd y cledyf yny daryan ac yny ben. Ac ny allaud ef y dynnv rac tewet y bydioned yn ymgymysgu. A gwedy caffel o nynnyau y cledyf ny sauei neb y dyrnot ef. Ac yna y kyuaruu ef a Labienus iarll. ac y lladaud ef hwnnw. Ac yna y llas gwyr Ruuein canmwiaf. val y gellit kerdet ar y calaned heb ssenghi ar y daear deng hyt tir arugeint. Ac y foas vlkessa(r) yw longheu yn waradwydus ac obreid y dienghis ef yr mor. Aphan gygleu gwyr freinc hynny wynt a vynnessynt y wrthlad odyno. am glywed bot llongheu Caswallaun ar hyt y mor yn ev hymlyd. Sef a oruc ynteu yna egori y eur dy lle ydoed ysswllt a rody aneirif o honau y dywyssogyon freinc.Fol. 36v a rodi ryddid y baub or a oed yngkethiwet kyn no hynny. ac val hynny y tagnauedaud gwyr freinc. A gwedyr uudugoliaeth honno y doeth caswallaun hyt yn llundein ay gyduarchogion gyd ac ef. y wneithur arwylant yr dwyweu. Ac yny pymthecuet dyd y bu varw nynnyau or dyrnaut ar y ben. ac y cladwyt ef y gerllau porth y goglet ay gledyf gyd ac ef. ac angheu coch y gelwyd y gledyf. sef achos oed pwy bynnac a anweyttit arnau marw vydei. Ac vn yr amser hwnnw y gwnaeth vlkessar castell odnea. rac damchweyniau eilweith y wrthlad o wyr freinc; val y mynessynt kyn no hynny. A phan oed baraud y castell. ymphen y dwy vlyned. kynullau llu a oruc vlkessar y dyuot y dial y sarhaet a caussei gynt yn ynys brydein gan y brytannieit. Aphan gigle caswallaun hynny peri aoruc plannv polyon heyern kyffref a mwrdwid gwr ar hyt canaul temys ford y deuwey y llongheu. Ac yn dirybud y doeth llynghes vlkessar am ben y polyon. ac y rwygassant ac y bodassant ar vilioed onadunt. ar niver a allws kyrchu yr tir wynt ay kyrchassant. Ac yn ev herbyn y doeth caswallaun a holl ieuengtyt ynys brydein ac ymlad yn wychyr creulon ac wynt. ac yna y bu aerua vaur o bobparth. ac eysswys caswallaun agauas y uudugoliaeth. a gyrru vlkessar ar fo hyt yn trayth moryan. ac yna yd aeth hyt yngkastell odnea yr honn a berys ef ehvn ygwneithur gynt rac ovyn y elynion.Fol. 37 Agwedy caffel o caswallaun y uudugoliaeth llawen uu ganthau. a guahaud y holl twyssogyon gyd ac ef hyt yn llundein. ac yna gwneithur gwlet ydunt yn enrydedus. ac aberthu yr dwyweu deudengmil o warthec. a chanmil o deueyt. ac o adar ny ellit ev rif dieithyr dengmil arugeint o amrauaylion genedloed coydolyon bwystuilet. a gwedy daruot aberthu oc ev gwedillion y kymerassant wyntteu mal y gnotteit yr amser hvnnv yny ryv aberthu hynny. or a dianghei or nos ardyd ganthunt. wynt ay treuleynt drwy amrauaylion dygrifwch a gwaraeu. Ac y damchweinws y deu was yeuweinc arderchauc. nyd amgen hirlas nei yr brenhyn. a chuelyn nei y auarwy. daruot ryngthunt yn guareu palet. ac yny daruot hwnnw y lladaud kuelyn. hirlas. ac o hynny y doeth kynnwrf maur yny llys. ac y llidiws y brenhin dieithyr mod. acheisiau caffel nei auarwy wrth varn y lys ef. Aphedrus oed gan auarwy hynny canys na wydyat ewyllys y brenhin. yw nei. Adywedud pob ryw gam or a wnelid o veun y deruyneu yr ynys; ymae yn llundein y dylehit gwneithur yaun amdanau. ac ynteu paraut oed y hynny. nyd hynny a vynnei yr brenhin; namyn caffel cuelyn yny ewyllys ef. nyd oed haud gan aua rwy hynny can ny wydiat peth oed y ewyllys.Fol. 37v Ac adaw llys y brenhin a oruc auarwy rac bod kenthach a vei vwy; achyrchu y gyuoeth ehvn ay nei gyd ac ef. Agwedy gwybod or brenhyn hynny; kwynau wrth hynny o dwyssogion a oruc. ry adaw o auarwy y lys heb y ganyat. a dwyn y gwr ry ladassei ynei ganthau. Ac yny gynghor y cauas mynet yny ol ef ay lu. a diua y gyuoeth yn llwyr o dan a hayarn. Agwedy gwybot o auarwy hynny anvon ar y brenhin aoruc y eruynneit dangneued ay drugaret. Ay nackau idau yntteu ar gwbyl. Agwedy gwybod hynny o auarwy medylyau a oruc pa furfy y galley ef gwrthnebu yr brenhin. Ac yny gynghor y cauas anvon ar ulkessar y ervyn idau dyuot hyt yn ynys brydein yn ganorthwy ydav; ac ynteu agadarnhae ydarystynghei ynys brydein idau. llythyr auarwy. Auarwy vab llud yn anvon annerch y vlkessar. a dywedud idau ual hynn. mi avvm gynt yn damunau angheu vlkessar. ac ydwyf weithion yn damunau bywyt a iechyt idau. ac ediuar yw gennyf vot yth erbyn tra vvm. ac weithion my auydaf dyhun athi. ac am allu o gaswallaun valch dy yrru dy dwyweith o ynys brydein. ymae ym digyuoythi ynneu om kyuoeth weithion. a mynneu a dylywn kystal ac ef o ynys brydein. a myui a wm canorthwy wr ydau ef ar y uot yn vrenhin. ac ef a rodet yny llythyr ystyr ydaruot ual y buassei oll. ac am hynny arglwyd ydwyfi yth wediau di am nerth y gennyt y ymgynnal ym kyuoeth.Fol. 38 athrwof vi arglwyd y keffy di ettwa vot yn bennaf ar ynys brydein. ac nac amheu arglwyd no bo gwir y llythyr hwnn; canys nat oes yndau nathwill na brat. ac o dwill abrat yd aruer y rei marwawl wedy na allwynt amgen. Ac yn gedernyt ar hynny anvon a oruc kynan y vab a dengwystyl arugeint o veibion dyledogyon yam hynny. Ac yna y cauas vlkessar yny gynghor gyweiriau llynghes adyuot hyt ym porth rwytun. Ac yny erbyn ynteu y doeth auarwy yw derbynnyeit yr tir. Ac yn yr amser yd oed caswallaun ay lu yn ymlad a chaer llundein. A gwedy clywet o gaswallaun dyuodyat vlkessar y ynys brydein; ymgyweiriau a oruc a dyuot yny erbyn. a phan doeth y mevn glynn yn agos y gaer geint. wynt a welynt pebyllieu gwyr ruuein yn agos attadunt. ac yna y bu girat gwyn gan gaswallaun. am welet ev gelynyon mor hy arnadunt ac yd oedynt. Ac yn ev kynghor y caussant kyrchu gwyr ruuein yn wraul. ac yna y bu aerua vaur o bop parth. ac or diwed lluossogrwyd gwyr ruuein a yrraud y brytanyeit y ben mynyt vchel. ac wynt a gatwassant pen ymynyd hwnnw arnadunt yn wraul. a llad lluossogrwyd o wyr ruuein. A phan weles gwyr ruuein na thygyei ydunt keisiau pen y mynyd yar y brytanyeit. wynt a gaffant yn ev kynghor amgilchynu y mynyd ac ev guarchay yno yny vythynt veyriw o newyn.Fol. 38v Agwedy ev bod uelly deu dyd a dwy nos heb na bwyt na diaut. gwelet o gaswallaun nat oed ford ydyuot odyno onyd trwy angheu creulon. nev varw o newyn. Anvon aoruc ar auarwy y nei. y ervyn idau gwneithur y dagneued ac vlkessar. Ac yna anryuedu yn vaur a oruc auarwy am hynny. a dywedut. pan yw ryued oed yr gwr. a vydei oen yn ryuel. a llew yn hedwch dryc anyanu wrth neb. Ac eyswys ef a doeth ar vlkessar a dywedud wrthau val hyn. Arglwyd heb ef my a edeweis ytti darystynghedigaeth o ynys brydein. A llyma hynny ytti arglwyd. gan gadel y gaswallaun y urenhiniaeth ev gynal yn danat titheu. drwy rodi pob blwydyn teyrnget y sened ruuein. A gwedy gwarandau o vlkessar; gwrthwyneb oed ganthau hynny. A gwedy gwelet o auarwy hynny. dywedut a oruc wrthau. arglwyd heb ef kyd addawn ytti darystynghedigaeth ynys brydein. nyd edeweysi itti distriw vynghenedyl nac ev diua. ac ny wnaethant o drwc ar ny allwynt y dywygu. Ar hynn a edeweys ytti llymma hynny os mynny. onys mynny; ny chytssynnafi adistriw vynghenedil nac ev diva. A gwedy gweled ovlkessar atteb auarwy; drwy y gynghor ynteu rodi a oruc ef dagneued y gaswallaun. drwy rodi o gaswallaun o ynys brydein pob blwydyn teir mil o bvnnoed o aryant. yn deyrnged y ssened ruuein. Agwedy cadarnhau yr amodeu hynny ryngthunt. wynt adoethant ygyd hyt yn llundein.Fol. 39 ac yna y trigassant y gayaf hwnnw y gyd. Ar gwannwyn rac llau yd aeth vlkessar hyt yn ruuein. ac auarwy gyd ac ef. yn erbyn pompus y gwr a oed yn kynnal yr amherodraeth yn yr amser hwnnw. sef oed hynny. dwy vil. a deu cant ac ugeint mlyned gwedy diliw. Ac y trigaud caswallaun yn gwledychu ynys brydein seith mlyned gwdy hynny yn hedwch dagnauedus. Sef y gwledychaud ef o gwbyl. teir blyned arugeint. ac yna y bu varw. ac y cladpwyt ef yngkaer eurauc. Sef oed hynny gwedy diliw. ijmacron.cc.xxvij.

A gwedy caswallaun y doeth Teneuan vab llud yarll kernyw yn vrenhyn. ac awledychaud yn hedwch dagnauedus. pedeir blyned arbympthec. ac yna y bu varw. ijmacron.cc.xlvi. gwedy diliw.

A gwedy teneuan ydoeth kynuelyn vab teneuan yr hwnn a vagassei vlkessar. a rac meint y carei ef gwyr ruuein kyd gallei ef dwyn ev teyrnget; ef nys dygei. Ac yny amser ef yganet yessu grist. ar nos yganet y ssyrthiaud statua gwyr ruuein. yr hwn awnaythessyt yngkaer ruueyn. o aniffic kyureynrwyd. adywedud na ssyrthei yr arwyd hwnnw. yny enit mab y vorwyn wyry. Ar dyd hwnnw yr ymdywynnygaud kylch o eur lliw yngkylch yr heul. Ac or achos hwnnw ydoeth holl doethyon y dinas y gyd y ymgynghor ay dewinion. Ac yna y dywedassant geni y brenhin a barhaei y dyrnas tragwydolder. Ac ydoed augustus cesar yn gwledychu gwlad ruuein (yn) yr amser hwnnw.Fol. 39v ereill ay galwei yn octauus. Ac herodes antipatri yn gwlad Judea. y gwr creulon aladaut y meibion yn keisieu yessu grist. Amgilch y bedwared vlwydyn gwedy geny crist; y ganet Jeuwan euengyliwr. y bymhet vlwydyn y doeth Jessu or eiff hyt yn galilee dracheuyn. ac yna y gwnaeth y seith lyn or llwch adwyn dwuyr o eurdonen yr llynnyeu. ac or llynnyeu yr auon dracheuyn. y chwechet ulwydyn y bu varw herot greulon. a maria y wreic. ay drimeib. nyd amgen. alexander. aristobolus. ac antipater. drwy heint dybryt rwng kic achroyn. y gyuody yn gornoydeu achrach. ar rey hynny yn llawn o gynron aphryuet. y seithuet vlwydyn yd aeth Jessu yr israel. yr wythuet ulwydyn y blodeuaud ruuein yn amser. Salustius. Terencius. Oracius. ar rei doethaf or doeithion. y nawuet ulwydyn y dywat feryll am gnawdoliaeth crist. ac am newydhau kenedyloyd nef. Ac yny decuet ulwydyn y ganet mab y kynuelyn a elwyt gwydyr. Ac yn yr vnvet ulwydyn ardec. y ganet mab arall idaw. a elwyt gweiryd. y deudecuet vlwydyn. y kat Jessu yn y dempyl ymplith y doethion yn gwarandau gorchestion. ac yn ev gouyn. y drydet vlwydyn ardec y bu varw augustus cesar. yr hwnn a elwyt octauianus amheraudyr ruuein. y bedwared vlwydyn ardec. y gwnaethbwyd. Tiberius yn amheraudyr yn ruuein. yr vnved ulwydvn arbymthec y gwnaythpwyt hero des antipas yn arglwyd ar bedwared ran o galilee.Fol. 40 y deu nawued vlwydyn y bu Ouyd. a naso. yn ynys pont. yngkethywet. y seithuet vlwydyn arugeynt y gwnaethpwyt Pilatus o ynys pont yn procurator yngwlat Judea. y decvet vlwydyn arugeynt. yewan vab Zacarie a pregethavd am vedyt. ac a vedydiaut Jessu grist. yr hwnn a ymprydiavt deugeynt nyheu. a deugeynt nos yny diffeith. ac abrouet y gan y kythreul. yr vnvet vlwydyn ardec arugeynt. y porthet yessu gryst. ar y neithiavr pan drossas y dwvyr yn wyn. Deudecuet vlwydyn arugeynt o oed crist y carcharwyt yewan vedydwr. ac y llas y ben o wedi Merch herodiadis. Trydet vlwydyn ardec arugeynt. ydiodefavd crist. ac a gyuodes o varw. ac a ysgynnavt yr nefoed. Pedweryd vlwydyn ardec arvgeynt Jacobus vab alphei awnaethpwyt yn escop ynghaerusalem ygan yr ebestyl yd vrdwyt. Ac y gossodes pedyr epostol y gadeyr yn yr antioch. Pymthecuet vlwydyn arugeynt. yllebydywt styphan verthyr a meyn. Ac y trosset pawl epostol y gret ar y ford yn mynet y damascum. Ac y bu varw Cassius doeth o wall. hyt nad oed o dillat diwarth ay kudyey. Vnvet vlwydyn ar bymthec arugeynt gwedy geny crist. yganet percius doeth. Ac y dalpwyt herodes agrippa ney i herodiadis. y gan tiberius amherawdyr rvveyn ac yno y carcharwyd ef. yr eyl vlwydyn ar bymthec arvgeynt y bu varw Tiberius amheravdyr. Ac y doeth Gaius yn amheraudyr yn rvueyn gwedy ef.Fol. 40v a hwnnw a gymyrth herodes yn gyfrynachwr ydav. ac ay dilyfravd o garchar. ac arodes ydav teyr ran o wlad iudea. ac a wnaet y alw yn vrenhyn. y pedwared y vlwydyn arbymthec arugeynt yd erchys Gaius y enrededu megys duw. ac y gorchmynnavd y petronius brenhyn sirie gwneythur y delw ef ay yssot yn temphyl caerussalem ev henrydedu or ydeon. ac nys llauassaut petronius hynny rac y ideon. y Deugeynvet vlwydyn y bu Matheus yn yscryuennv yr evengylyev yngwlat Judea. Tryded vlwydyn adeugeynt o oed crist y bu varw kynuelyn. ac y digwydws y deyrnas yn llaw gwydyr y vab.

A gwedy urdav Gwydyr yn vrenhyn ymgadarnhau yny gyuoeth a oruc ac attal teyrnget gwyr ruveyn. A gwedy y vot velly pedeir blyned ardec. y doeth Gloywkessar amheradyr rvueyn. nev Claudius. o ieith arall. a llu mavr ygyt ac ef. hyt yn ynys brydeyn. Agwedy ev dyuot yr tir. wynt a gyrchassant caer beris. ac ymlat ar gaer yn wychyr creulon. Agwedy gwelet nathygyev ydunt ymlad ar gaer. Cau perth y dinas a orugant a mvr maen ygeyssyav gwarchae y nyver aoed ymewn yny vythynt veyriw o newyn. A gwedy gwybot o gwydyr hynny kyweyriav y lu aoruc a dyuot hyt yno. Ac ymlad vn wychyr creulon agwyr ruveyn aoruc. a mwy aladey ef ehvn onadunt. noc aladey yran vwyaf oy lu. A gwedy gwelet ohamon dwyllwr adysgassey yeith ygan y gwystlon o ynys brydeyn yngwlat ruveyn gynt. Milwriaet achreulonder gwydyr wrth gwyr ruveyn.Fol. 47 a gwybot ony ellyt gwrthnebu idav ylladey y vreich deheu ef gormod oc ev niveroed wyntthwy. A bwrw a oruc hwnnw y arveu ehvn yamdanav. achymryt arveu vn or bryttanyeit ry ledessit ymdanav. achyrchu ymplith y bydinoed yn rith vn or bryttanyeit. aphan gafas kyflwr llad pen gwydyr aoruc. a llithrav drwy vn athrwy arall yny doeth hyt ar ywyr ehvn. ac yna bwrw y aruev aoruc; achymryt yr eidav ehvn. lvij.

A gwedy gwelet o Gweiryd rylad gwydyr y vravd. diot yaruev a oruc yntev. achymryt aruev y vravd ymdanav. ac ymlad yn greulon. ac annoc y llv yn wravl agvasgaru gwyr ruveyn ac ev llad ac ev kymell ar fo. Ac yna y foas hamon ar ran mwyaf or llu ygyd ac ef hyt ymporth hamont. ac yno kyn kael o honav y llongheu y llas hamon. ar niver afoas y gyd ac ef. Ac odena y doeth gweiryt hyt ym porth cestyr lle yd oed Gloyukessar ay lu yn ymlad argaer. ac yna y gelwyd caer beris. A phan welas y niver a oed yny gaer y bryttannyeit yn dyuot. Wynt a doethant allan or gaer ac ymlat yn wychyr ac wynt. a llad lluossogrwyd obobparth. Ac eysswys rac amlet gwyr rvueyn. wynt aorvvant yna. ac yd enhyliassant y gaer. A gyrru fo ar gweiryd hyt yngaer wynt. Ac yno y doeth gloukessar ay lu amgylch y gaer. a mynnv ev gwarchae y mewn yny vythynt veiriw o newyn. Aphan welas gweiryd hynny; kyweyriav y lu a oruc a dyuot allan. A gwedy gwelet o gloyukessar awyd y bryttannyeit ac ev creulonder:Fol. 41v anvon a oruc attadunt ygeisiav tagneved ganthunt. Ac yndiannot ygwnaythpwyt ydagneved ryngthunt yna. Ac y rodes gloyukessar y verch aoed yn rvveyn yn wreicka y weiryd y gadarnhau y dangneved. Agwedy bot yn dvhvn y ryngthunt. o ganhorthwy y bryttannyeit ygoresgynhassant ynyssoet orc ar kyt ynyssoed a oed yn y chylch. Agwedy llithraw y gayaf heibiav y doeth y vorwyn o Ruveyn adiaireb oed yphryt. Ac yny lle y kysgws gweiryd genthi; y gwnaeth gloywkessar dynas. ar lan hafren yntervyn kymre alloygyr. ac ay gelwys oy henw ef ehun yn gaer loyw o hynny allann. Agwedy gwastathau yr ynyssoed o honav ac ev gvelet yn hedychaul; ef aaeth Gloyukessar hyt yn ruveyn. ac adaw llywodraeth ynys brydeyn yn llav gweiryd y dav gan yverch. A gwedy y vynet ef ymmeith; ny bu hayach o amser yny gymyrth gweiryd balchter a ryuic yndav ac attal teyrnget gwyr ruveyn. Agwedy menegi hynny y sened ruveyn. anvon aorugant vaspasian a llu mavr y gyd ac ef y gymhell ev teyrnget o ynys brydeyn. A gwedy ev dyuot hyt ym porth rutupi. Ef a doeth gweiryd ay lu yn ev herbyn. ac ev lludias yr tir. Sef awnaethant wyntev trossi ev hwyleu a disgynnv ym porth totneys. A gwedy ev dyuot yr tir kyrchu caer penhwylcoet a orugant ac ymlad a hi. A gwedy gwybot or brenhyn hynny kyweiriav y lu a oruc ytu ac yno. ar seithuet dyd y doeth ef hyt yno ay lu; achyrchu gwyr ruveyn aoruc ac ymlad yn wychyr creulon ac wynt.Fol. 42 a llad llawer o boptu y dyd hwnnw. yny wahanavt y nos y vrwydyr. Athrannoeth y bore ymgyrchu aorugant. A rac amlet gwyr ruveyn; annavt oed chwedyl wrthunt. Ac yno y doeth y vrenhines ac awnaeth tagnedved y ryngthunt. Agwedy hedychu yryngthunt y gyd y doethant hyt yn llundeyn. ac yno ytrygassant y gayaf hwnnw y gyt. ac anvon ev kyt varchogyon hyt yn iwerdon y ev goresgyn. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed Nero yn amheraudyr yn ruveyn. adan yr hwn y diodefavt pedyr a phaul merthyroliaeth yn ruveyn. A hwnnw gvedy hynny aberys llosgi ruveyn. o chwant welet tan mawr. Ac yr hynny hyt hedyw y mae llawer yn diffeyth o honey. ac ny byd kyuanned byth. Agwedy mynet y gayaf heybiav; ef aaeth vaspasian yruveyn. Ac y trigws gweiryd yn gwledychu ynys brydeyn yn vuchedavl hyt yn dywet yoes. Agwedy y varw y cladpwyt ef yngkaerloyw yny demyl ry wnathoed Gloyukessar yr enrydet ydav kyn no hynny. Sef oed hynny. lxx. o oed crist.

A gwedy gweiryd y doeth Meuric y vab yntev yn vrenhyn ar ynys brydeyn. Ac yn oes hwnnw y doeth Rodric brenhyn y ffychtieit o ssithia. allynges ganthaw hyt yr alban. a goresgyn yr alban aoruc. Agwedy gwybot or brenhyn hynny; kynullau llu aoruc a dyuot yn ev herbyn. ac ymlad acwynt yn wraul. ac ev kymell ar fo gan ev llad. Ac yny fo hwnnw yllas Rodric achan mwyaf y lu.Fol. 42v arhyn a dienghys or wasgaredic llu. wynt aymrodassant yn geith yr brenhyn yr caffel ev heneydev. Ac yntev arodes ydunt ran or alban y presswyliav yndy. Agwedy ychyvanhedu onadunt. wynt a doethant ar y bryttannyeit y ervynnyeit ev merchet yn wreickae ydunt. Ac nyt oed deylwg gan y bryttannyeit dywediev ev merchet ar alltudion arall wlat. heb wybot o ba genedyl yd hanoedynt. ac wynt yn alltudyon ydunt heuyd. Ac am hynny ev nackau ar gwbyl aorugant. A gwedy ev nackau wynt a aethant hyt yn ywerdon achymryt y gwydellesseu yn wraget ydunt. ac or rey hynny yd hiliws yr yscottieit yr hynny hyt hediw. A gwedy darvot y veuryc llvnnyethu yr ynys honn drwy dagneved. ef arodes ev teyrnget y wyr Ruvein. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed Galba. ac octo. a vitellus. yn amherotdron yn Ruvein. Ac ylladavt vaspasianus. a titus y vab. galba. ar vitellus. ac agymyrth vaspasianus yr amherodraeth yn eidav ehvn. A gwedy gwledychu o veuric val y dywetpwyt vchot. ef a gossodes kyfreithev newyd yny gyuoeth. ac ay traythws yn hedwch dagnavedus tra vv vew.

A gwedy meuric y doeth Coel y vab yntev yn vrenhyn. a hwnnw a vegessyt yn Ruveyn. arac meynt y carey ef gwyr rvueyn; kyt galley ef dwyn ev teyrnget racdunt nys dygey. Ac yny oes ef ydaeth titus vab vaspasian y gaerusalem. ac ay goresgynavd hy. ac aladavt rwg newyn ac ymladev dec can mil or paganyeit. Ac ef a werthavd onadunt can Mil. dec arugeynt yr pob keynyavc. yndydiev y pasch.Fol. 43 am brynv onadunt wy yessu grist yr dec arugeynt. o ariant. Agwedy gwledychu o Coel yn hedwch dagnavedus ar ynys brydeyn tra vv vew. y bu varw.

A gwedy coel y doeth Lles vab coel yn vrenhin ac vn annwydev oed hwnnw ay dad. A gwedy ymgadarnhau o honaw yny gyuoeth. ef a anvones hyt yn Ruveyn ar eleuterius pab y ervynneit ydav anvon dysgyaudyr o gristionagavl fyt val y galley yntev credu ygrist drwy dysc y rei hynny ac ev pregeth. Ac yntev a anvones deu dysgiaudyr. nyt amgen. dwywan. afagan. Ar rei hynny a bregethws ydav dyuodeat grist yn ghnavt. Ac ay gollchassant ef or lan fynhavn vedyd. Ac yn dihohir ef a berys bedydiaw pavb gwedy yntev. Ac yna y rodes ef y templev aoed aberthedic yr gevdwywev. yw kyssegru yn henw yr hollgyvoethauc duw. ay seynt. A gossot yndunt amravaylion vrdolion yev kyvanhedu. Ac y dalu dwywawl wassanaeth y duw. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw y gwnaethpwyt wyth escobty arvgeynt yn ynys brydein. A thri archescobty yn bennyad[ur] ar y lleyll. Ac yn y tri dinas bonhed[ic]kaf or ynys yd oed y tri archescopty. nyt amgen llundein. a chaer evravc. a chaer llion ar wysc. Aphan rannwyt yr escoptey y ryngthunt. wrth caer evrauc y perthynws deyvyr a bryneich ar goglet oll. mal y gwahana hvmyr y wrth lloegyr. Ac y archescop ty llvndein y parthwyt lloegyr achernyw val y keidyw haffren ar dwy archescobavt ereill.Fol. 43v Ac y archescopty caer llion kemre oll adan ythervynev. Ac yny amser ef yd oed. Titus. a domicianvs. a Nerua. a Traianus. ac Adrianus. yn amherodron yn ruvein. Achyd galley lles attal ev teyrnget. ef nys mynney. namyn achwanegu rodyon yr eglwyssev o dir adaear a da arall tra vv veyw. Ac o weithret da pwy gylid yn caer loyw ytervynws y uuched. ac yn yr eglwys pennaf or dinas y clatpwyt ef. yn yr vnvet vlwydyn ar bymthec a deugeynt achant gwedy dyuot crist ynghnavd.

A gwedy nad oed etivet y lles. ef a gyuodes kywdawdawl dervysc y rwng y bryttannyeit a gwyr Ruvein. Ac ohynny gwanhav o wyr rvvein yn vawr. Agwedy menegi hynny y sened ruvein. wynt ahanvonassant Seuerus senedwr a dwy leng o wyr ymlad ganthaw hyt yn ynys brydein. Agwedy ev dyuot yr ynys. wynt a oresgynnassant y ran mwyaf or bryttanyeit. Aran arall onadunt a foassant dros deivyr abryneich A sulien yn dywyssavc arnadunt. Amynych ymgyrchu a vydei y ryngthunt. A gorthrum oed gan yr amherawdyr hynny. A pheri a oruc gwneithur clawd dwfyn y rwg deiuyr ar alban o gyffredyn dreul or mor pwy gilyd. val y bei haws gwrthwynebu yr bryttannyeit. Ac yna goresgyn yr ynys arnadunt o wir pwnc. Agwedy gwelet o sulien na thygiey ydaw ymlad ac wynt. yny gyghor y cavas vynet hyt yn ssithia y geisiaw nerth odeno.Fol. 44 canys odena yd hanoed yr yscottieit. ac wynt yn wyr y sulien. Agwedy y dyuot yno ef a gavas holl yevhengtyt yr ynys honno; ac a doeth hynny ygyt ac ef hyt yn ynys brydeyn. achyrchu caer evravc aorugant. ac ymlad yn wychyr ar gaer. A gwedy mynet y chwedyl dros wyneb y dyrnas y ran mwyaf or bryttannyeit a ymadaussant ar amheraudyr. ac adoethant ar sulyen. A gwedy gwybot o seuerus hynny kynullav aoruc y holl allu adyuot amben sulien ac ymlad ac ef yn wychyr creulon. Ac yn yr ymlad hwnnw y brathwyt sulien yn angheuawl. Ac y llas seuerus ac y clatpwyt ynghaer efravc. cant Mlyned ac vn a thrugeint o oed crist.

A deu vab a edewys idaw. bassian. a geta. A mam y geta ahanoed o rvuein. A mam y bassian a hanoed o ynys brydeyn. A gwedy marw ev tat y kymyrth gwyr ruvein Geta yn vrenhyn arnadunt achos hanvot y vam o rvuein. Ac y kymyrth ybryttannyeit Bassian yn vrenhyn arnadunt wyntev. achos hanvot y vam yntev o ynys brydein. Ac o hynny kynydu tervysc yrwg y brodyr. a gossot oed kyfranc rwg y pleydiev. ac yn y kyfranc hwnnw y llas y geta. ac y kymyrth y bassian y vrenhynyaeth yn eidaw ehvn. c.lxiii. o oed crist. oed yna.

A gwedy kymryt o bassian cwbyl or ynys yn eidaw ehvn. yd oed yn yr amser hwnnw yn hanvot o ynys brydein gwas yeuanc clot vawr caraun oed y henw.Fol. 44v ac o genedyl issel yr hanoed. Agwedy ybrovi mevn llawer o gyfragheu calet medyliav aoruc mynet y tu a ruvein y geisiav gossymdeith gan senedwyr ruvein yr y wassanaeth. Agwedy ydyuot hyt yn ruvein ervynneit aoruc y senedwyr ruvein cannyat ywarchadw ynys brydeyn ar longheu rac ystrawn genedloed. Ac adaw anheirif o da yr hynny. Agwedy kymryt kynghor onadunt. wynt arodassant canneat idaw. gan ammot nat argywedei ef ar neb o ynys brydein yr hynny. Agwedy ymgadarnhau hynny y ryngthunt. Caraun adoeth adref. ac a gynullawd holl kedernyt ynys brydeyn gyd ac ef ar longheu. Ac a gyrchassant y amryuailion draethev. ac y amryuaelion borthlodoed. A gwneythur kynhwrf a threis achribdeil ar yr ynyssoed a oed yn ev kylch. gan ev hanreithiaw allad allosgi. A phaub or a garei treis alledrat achribdeil a deuwei attaw. yny oed gymeynt y niver; ac nat oed arnaw ovyn neb. A dwyn o da a goludoed yr ynys hon hyt na alley neb y adrawd. Agwedy gwelet pob peth yn kynnydu racdaw; anvon a oruc hyt ar y bryttanyeit y erchi ydunt y wneithur ef yn vrenhyn arnadunt. Ac ynteu agymerey arnaw y distrywiei gwyr ruvein o ynys brydein. ac ay rydhae wynt o bop ryw gaethiwet or a oed arnadunt o barthret ystrawn genedloed. Agwedy kymryt kynghor or bryttanyeit. agwelet na wnathoed Caraun dym or drwc y neb o ynys brydeyn eryoed; onyt a allavd o da. ac adaw idaw y gymryt yn vrenhin arnadunt.Fol. 45 o gallei ef ev hamdiffyn rac gormes ystrawn genedyloed. A gwedy gwybot o Caraun attep y bryttanyeit. ef adoeth a llu mawr ganthaw. Ac yny erbyn yntev ydoeth bassian ay lu yntev o wyr ruvein ar fichtieit. ac ymlad yn llidiawc creulon o bop parth. ac yn yr ymlad hvnnw y trossassant y fichtieit gyd charaun yn erbyn bassian. ac ymlat ac ef aorugant ay lad. A ffo owyr ruveyn heb wybot pale. can ny wydynt pwy a oed yn ev herbyn. na phwy nyd oed.

A gwedy caffael o Caraun y vwdygoliaeth drwy vrat y fichtieit ef arodes ydunt yr alban. ac yno ymaent yr hynny hyt hediw. A gwedy menegy hynny y senedwyr ruvein. ry lad o caraun bassian. ac ymdyrchauel ehvn yn vrenhin. ac attal teyrnget gwyr ruvein. gorthrwm y gymerassant arnadunt hynny. Ac anvon Alectus senedwr atheir lleng o wyr ymlat y gyt ac ef hyt yn ynys brydeyn. Ac yn ev herbyn wyntev y doeth Caraun ay lu ac ymlat ac wynt yn wychyr creulon; allad llawer o boptu. arac amlet gwyr ruvein. nyd oed havd yr bryttannyeit ymherbynnyeit ac wynt. Ac yn yr ymlad hwnnw y llas caraun agwneithur dirvavr dymhestyl ar bryttannyeit. gan ev llad ac ev diva heb drugared.

A gwedy ymdyrchauel o Alectus yn vrenhyn drwy y greulonder. gorthrwm oed gan y bryttannyeit hynny. A dethol a orugant Asclepiodotus iarll kernyw yn vrenhin arnadunt. A mynet am ben alectus hyt yn llundein lle yd oed yn yr amser hwnnw yn gwneythur gwylua yr tatdolyon dwyweu.Fol. 45v A gwedy menegi yr pagan creulon hynny. ymadaw a oruc ac aberthu achyrchu y bryttanyeit. ac ymlad yn wychyr creulon ac wynt. Ac yna y bu aerua vaur o bop tu. Ac or diwed gwasgaru gwyr ruvein a fo. ac ev hymlit a oruc ybryttanyeit: allad llawer o vilioed onadunt. Ac yna y llas alectus ev brenhyn. Sef a oruc lellius gallus kedymdeith y alectus. cahu pyrth dinas llundein arnadunt. acheisiaw ymgadw ymevn. Sef a wnaeth asclepiodotus ar bryttanyeit amgilchynv y gaer ar dinas. Ac anvon ar holl tywyssogion ynys brydeyn y venegy ev bod wynt yn eisted wrth caer llundeyn. Ac erchi y bawb onadunt dyvot yn gyttuhvn yn borth ydunt. Ac yr dyvyn hwnnw y doeth y deheuwyr. ar gwyndyt. a gwyr deivyr abryneich. a gwyr yr alban. Agwedy ev dyvot ygyt ymron y gaer. kyrchu aoruc paub y gaer herwyd y wrhydri. a briwaw yr mvroed amynet ymevn. athrwydunt athrostunt. heb kymryt kystlwn gan wyr ruvein onyd ev llad yn olofrud. Aphan welas gwyr ruvein hynny. dyuot aorugant hyt ger bron ybrenhin. ac erchi nawd y ev heneidiev. ac ev gillwng yn vew yw gwlat. A thra yttoed y brenhin yn kymryt kynghor am hynny. y kyuodes gwyr gwyned a bydinaw arlan nant. achyrchu gwyr ruvein. a llad ev pennev heb adaw yr vn yn vew onadunt. Ac or achos honno y gelwir y nant hwnnw yngkymraec: nant gallgwn yr hynny hyt hediw. Ac yn saesnec gallesbroc. nev. ([]lehioc)

Ac yna y kymyrth Asclepiodotus coron y dyrnas.Fol. 46 ac ef ay traethws yspeit deng mlyned. Ac yny oes ef y dechrews y dymhestyl aoruc Diocletian amheraudyr ruvein. ar gristonogion. ac yna y divahwyt cristonogiaeth hayach. canys yn yr amser hwnnw y doeth Maxen ac Ercwlf yn deu penteylu o arch y creulavn hwnnw y ynys brydeyn. ac y distrywiwyd yr eglwyssiev. ac y llosgat llyffreu yr yscrythur lan. ac y llas y meibion llen ar cristonogion yn llwyr. Ac yna y llas seint alban o verolam. ac y llas aron y gedymdeith o gaer llion. Ac yna y kyuodes tervysc y rwng y brenhin. a choel yarll caer loyw. ymbleidiaw o bob tu yn gadarn. a gyssot oet kyffran yryngthunt. Ac y oet y dyd y doeth paub onadunt. ar gallu mwyaf a oed ganthunt. ac ymlad yn greulon llidiauc allat llawer o bop parth Ac yn yr ymlad hwnnw yllas asclepiodotus ay oreugwyr.

Ac yna y kymyrth Coel yarll caer loyw llywodraeth y dyrnas yn eidiaw ehvn. canys nad oed ay dylehey yna yn well noc ef. ac nyd oed etived idaw onyd vn verch. Ac Elen oed y henw. atheckaf dyn or ynys oed honno. Ac ef aberis ythat y dysgu yny oed kyuarwyd ympob vn: or seith keluydyt. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw y doeth Constans vn o sened wyr ruvein a llu mawr ganthaw y ynys brydeyn. gwedy y ryvot yn darystwng yr yspaen y sened ruvein. ac y geisiav ystung ynys brydein yn drethaul y sened ruvein val ybuassei gynt. A gwedy gwybot o coel hynny;Fol. 46v kynvllaw llu aoruc adyuot yny erbyn. Agwedy dyuot ydeu lu wyneb yn wyneb y doeth tagnavetwyr y ryngthunt. ac yn diannot y tagnevedwyt wynt. Ac ym phen y wythnos ar mis gwedy dagneved y bu varw coel. Sef oed hynny. naw mlyned athry chant o oet crist.

A gwedy marw coel y kymyrth Constans elen verch coel yn wreic bwys idaw achoron ydyrnas genthi. Ay phryd. hi ny welssit ychyffelyb eryoed. a honno aelwyd gwedy hynny elen luhydawc. A mab aoed ydi o constans yr hwn a elwyd custennyn vab constans. Agwedy gweldychu o constans vn vlwydyn ardec yn hedwch dagnevedus y bu varw ef. ac y clatpwyt y gorf yngkaer efrawc. ccc.xx. o oet crist.

A gwedy marw constans y kymyrth Custennyn llywodraeth ynys brydein yn eidiaw ehvn. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed Maxen greulon yn amherawdyr yn ruvein. ac yn diva dyledogion or ynys oll. gan ev llad ac ev crogi ac ev hanreithiaw. ac ymgyuoethogi ehvn oc ev sswllt. Ac yn rody y anyledogion ev tir ac ev daear ac ev kyuoethev. ac yn dehol y bonhedigion y ynyssoed ereill. A gwedy dyuot lluossogrwyd onadunt hyt yn ynys brydein y gwynav wrth custennyn vab constans. canys ef adelehey vod yn amherawdyr yn ruvein o dadwys gan iawn. Gorthrwm ykymyrth arnaw ry draethu y genedyl ay gereynt mor waradwydus a hynny. Ac yna y cavas yny gyghor o hannoc gwyr ruvein mynet ygyt ac wynt hyt yn ruvein y geisiaw ennyll ev ryddid ry gollessynt.Fol. 47 ac enrydedussach oed bod yn amherawdyr yn ruvein nogyt yn vrenhyn yn ynys brydeyn. ac yntev yn caffel pob vn o hynny. A gwedy adaw gwarchadwedigaeth ynys brydeyn yn llaw Eudaf yarll ergig ac euas yny deley ef drachevyn. kychwyn aoruc y tu aruvein. ac y gyt ac ef yd aeth elen y vam. athri ewythyr elen. nyt amgen. llywelyn. trahaearn. a Meuric ac ev lluoed y gyt ac wynt. agoresgyn ruvein aorugant yar vaxen greulon. achymryt yr amherodraeth yn eidaw ehvn. a rodi Merchet tywyssogion sened ruvein yn wreickaheu yw ewythret y geisiav plant deduaul onadunt. y gynnal sened ruvein. A gwedy kyvyawnhau pob peth. a gwastattahu yr ynys yn hedychawl. y kymyrth elen verch coel y phe[]rindavt ytu gwlat gaerussalem. ac y goresgynnavd hi y wlat honno. Ac or achos hynny y gelwyd hi o hynny allan yn elen luhydawc. Ac oy rinwedawl ethrylith ay dysc y cavas hi pren y groc yr hwn ydiodefawd iessu grist arney. Ac a uuassei yngkud adan y daear yr pan diodefawd crist. sef oed hynny try chant mlyned. a mwy. Sef oed o oet crist. ccc.xxiij. yna.

A gwedy gwelet o Eudaf yarll ergig nat oed neb yn gwrthnebu idaw. ef a wisgawt coron y dyrnas.Fol. 47v ac ygymyrth llywodraeth yr ynys yn eidaw ehvn. ac attall teyrnget sened ruveyn. Agwedy gwybot o Custennin hynny; anvon a oruc Trahaearn ewythyr elen hyt yn ynys brydeyn. atheyr lleg o wyr arvawc y gyt ac ef. y darystwng ynys brydein wrth sened ruvein. Agwedy ev dyvot y ynys brydeyn kyrchu caer berys a orugant ac ymlad a hi yn lud ay hennill ymphen ydeudyd. A gwedy gwybot o Eudaf hynny; kynvllaw aoruc attaw yevhengtyt ynys brydein adyuot yn ev herbyn hyt yn ymhyl caer wynt. lle gelwyt maes vrien. ac ymlat ac wynt yn wychyr calet kreulawn. ac yny kyfranc hwnnw y goruu Eudaf. Ac y foas trahaearn yv longheu. a gwyr ruvein y gyt ac ef. ac ar hyt y mor y kyrchassant yny doethant yr alban ydir. ac yna kynullaw llu attadunt a dechreu ryvelu ar Eudaf. A gwedy gwybot o Eudaf hynny. dyuot ay lu yn ev herbyn a oruc. hyt yn lle y gelwyt west marlond. Ac yna rodi kyfranc ydunt allad llawer obop tu. ac yny kyfranc hwnnw y goruu trahaearn. Ac y foas Eudaf hyt yn llychlyn ar Gutbert vrenhin llychlyn y geisiav nerth yganthaw y geissiav ennyll y gyuoeth drachevyn.

Ac yna ydaeth Trahaearn ac oresgynnavt ynys brydeyn. ac ay darystyngavd hi adan sened ruvein. Ac yn yr hennyd hynny anvon aoruc Eudaf hyt yn ynys brydein ar y gedymeithion ay diwydyon y ervynneit ydunt darparu angheu y Trahaearn osgellynt.Fol. 48 Sef a oruc Jarll y castell cadarn dyuot hyt mevn glyn yn agos yr ford ydeuwey Trahaearn o lundeyn. achan marchauc y gyt ac ef a llechu yny glyn hwnnw. yny doeth Trahaearn ford yno. Ac yna yn direbud dwyn ruthyr am y ben ay lad. A gwedy daruot hynny anvon kennat hyt ar Eudaf y venegi ry lad trahaearn. Ac yna y foas gwyr ruvein tu ac ev gwlat. rac ovyn brad y bryttanyeit. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw ybu varw custennyn vab constans amheradyr ruvein. Ac yna y doeth Eudaf ynys brydeyn.

A gwedy goresgyn o Eudaf ynys brydeyn yr eilweith y kymyrth y goron yn eidav ehvn. ac yny lle ymgyuoethogi a oruc. a chynnal gwyr arvavc a meirch. hyd nad oed vn brenhin a vei havd idaw ymrysson ac ef. Ac val hynny ykynhelus ef ydyrnas yn hedwch dagnavedus hyt yn diwed y oes hayach. Ac nyt oed o etived idaw onyt vn verch. ac elen oed y henw. ay phryt aragorei rac pawb. Agwedy ssyrthiav heneint arnaw. ymgyghor ay wyrda a oruc. peth awneit am lywodraeth yr ynys gwedy ef. Ac am gyflehau y verch yntev yny vew. Rey onadunt agynghoras rodi y verch yr tywyssauc avynnei o ynys brydein ar llywodraeth genthi gwedy ef. Ereill agynghoras rodi y kyuoeth y kynan meiryadauc nei vab braud idaw; arodi yverch yntev y vrenhyn o ynys arall adigavn o da yr ynys hon genthi. Ac yna ydywat caradauc iarll kernyw. canys adan darystynghe digaeth sened ruvein ydein ny.Fol. 48v ys yawnach yn. anvon hyt yn ruuein y dethol yr hwn avynnom o deledogyon sened ruvein ybriodi merch yn brenhin ny. ac y gynal y dyrnas gwedy ef. ac o hynny y caffwn hedwch tragwydolder. Ac obyd reid yn; wrth nerth y gathunt. o hynny y caffwn. ac ymae yno deledogeon; or ynys hon. os cof gennwch. adelehey yr ynys hon; yn well no neb or yssyt yndi yr awrhwn. Ac wrth y kynghor hwnnw ytrigwyd. Ac yna anvon aoruc Caradauc yarll kernyw Meuric y vab drwy y ervyn or brenhin. hyt yn ruvein y geisiaw Maxen wledic. ydyuot y ynys brydeyn y gymryt elen verch eudaf yn wreic idaw allywodraeth ydyrnas genthi. canys mab oed y Maxen hwnnw y lywelin ewithyr y elen luydawc. y vam yntev oed verch yr tywyssawc deledockaf or ahanoed o ssened ruvein. A gwedy dyuot o veuric hyt yn ruvein. yd oed yn yr amser hwnnw tri amherawdyr yn ymrysson am pendevigiaeth ssened ruvein. agyssot llawer o oet dydiev ryngthunt heb allel dosparth yr vn. Agwedy gwelet o veuric hynny; ydywat wrth vaxen. Ryved yw gennyfi heb ef. godef ohonot y sawl codeant ydwyt ynydiodef gan ygwyr rackw. Peth awnaf ynnev heb y Maxen. Llyna val y gwnelech heb y Meuric. dyuot y gyt amy hyt yn ynys brydein. achymryt Elen verch eudaf y vorwyn decgaf or awelas dyn eryoed ar advwynnaf yn wreic ytt. a llywodraeth ynys brydeyn genthi. canys nad oes etivet dedvawl y vrenhin ybryttanyeit onyd hi.Fol. 49 Ac o nerth ybryttanyeit y gelly di ystwng pob ynys or awrthneppo ytt. Agwedy menegi o veuric pryt y vorwyn; kyflenwi aoruc Maxen oy chariat hyt na wydiat peth a wnay. Acyna peri aoruc Maxen gyweiriaw llynghes. aphan ottoedynt barawt gyntaf; dyrchauael hwylev aorugant a rwygaw moroed yny doethant hyt yn mor freync. Ac yna darystwng freync ganthunt. achymell eur ac aryant avynnassant y ganthunt. Ac yna y doeth rebud y vrenhin y bryttannyeit gwelet llynghes ar vor freync. ac na wyddit pa le ydisgynnynt. Ac yna yd erchis Eudaf y Ganan meiriadawc dyvynnv attaw holl yeveyngthyt ynys brydein. y warchadw yr arvordir y parth y clywit ev bod. rac ev kyuarssanghu o ystrawn genedloed yn direbud ydunt. Agwedy dyuot canan meiriadauc ay lu hyt yn mynydet keynt. Aruthyr oed gan vaxen meynt y llu adrech ymlad ganthunt. Ac yn ev kynghor y caffant dethol deudengwyr; or gwyr prudaf ar rey doethaf onadunt. ac ev hanvon mevn bat yr tir. ac yn llaw pob vn onadunt gwialen o olif wyden. yn arwyd drech tagnevet ganthunt. Achyrchu aorugant hyt yn lle yd oed k[y]nan meiriadawc achyuarch gwell idaw. A menegi ev bot yn gennadeu y gan vaxen amherawdyr ruvein; hyt ar Eudaf brenhin y bryttannyeit. Ac yna govyn o kynan paham y deuwey llynghes kymeynt a honno yn gennadev. a menegi aorugant wynthev pan yw rac ev kyvarssanghu ar yford o ystrawn genedloed.Fol. 49v Agwedy gwybot o kynan ystyr ev neges; ef a vanassei ev gwrthlad or ynys. rac ovyn colli o honaw ef y vrenhinaeth. Ac yna ydywat caradauc yarll kernyw gellynghwn wynt ar ybrenhin ac a vynho yr brenhin gwnahet. Ac yna ydaethant ygyt hyt ynghaer yn arvon lle yd oed ybrenhin yn kynnal llys yn y amser hwnnw. A llawen uu yr brenhin wrth y kennadeu allawenach wrth ev kennadwri. Ac anvon aoruc heb olud yn ol Maxen; arodi elen y verch yn wreic bwys idaw allywodraeth ydeyrnas genthi.

Ac yna y kymyrth Maxen elen yn briawd a llywodraeth ydeyrnas genthi. Agwedy gwybot o kynan meiriadauc hynny; mynet hyt yr alban aoruc. achymryt yr alban yn vn ac ef. a chynvllaw llu. adyuot drwy hvmyr adechreu anreithiaw. A gwedy gwybot o vaxen hynny y doeth yntheu hyt yr alban ay lu; agoresgyn yr alban. a gyrru kynan ar ffo hyt yn llychlyn. Agwedy dychwelut o vaxen ay lu adref. or alban. ydoeth kynan yr eilweith alu ganthaw i geisiaw afreoli yr alban. Ac yna ydoeth gwyrda y ryngthunt ac y tagnauedwyt wynt. ac yna y[d] aethant yn vn gar vn esgar. Ac yna y gwledychawt Maxen wledic ar ynys brydein pymp mlyned yn hedwch dagnauedus. Ac yna y doeth cof yd[a]w yr hen teilyngdawd ry gollassei yngwlat ruvein. adodi yny vryt yhennyll osgalley.Fol. 50 Ac yna kynvllaw llu aoruc holl yeuengtyt ynys brydeyn ygyd ac ef. Ac adaw gwarchadwedigaeth ynys brydeyn yn llaw dunawt yarll kernyw. Agwedy ev bot yn barawd kychwyn aorugant y tu afreync. a honno a elwyt tryde phla ynys brydein. ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed gwr aelwid himbald yn dywys yn freinc ac yn llydaw. Agwedy clywet ohonaw bot ybryttanyeit yn dyuot; ymgyweiriaw a oruc yn ev herbyn. y geisiaw ev gwrthlad ac ev tervynev. ac ymlat at wynt yn wychyr creulon. Ac yn yr ymlad hwnnw y llass hymbald aphymptheg mil y gyt a ef. Ac y goresgynnawt Maxen llydaw. ac ay rodes y kynan meiriadauc. o achaus dwyn ohonaw yntev ynys brydein yar gynan kyn no hynny. Ac yna kyntaf y doeth y bryttanyeit y lydav. ac o hynny ygelwit bryttayn vachan. Ac yna yr edewit kynan meiriadauc yn gwledychu. Ac y kerdawt Maxen ytu adinas rodvm. ac y foas y freinc racdav. ac adaw ydynessyd yn wac ar kestill. ford y clywit ydyuot. Ac odena y kerdavt ef parth a ruvein y ryuelu ar gracian a vailaunt aoeddynt amherodron yn ruvein yr amser hwnnw. Agwedy ydyuot ef y ruvein ylladawt (ef*) y neill onadunt; a dehol y llall o ruvein aoruc. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed mynych kyffrangheu y rwng y freinc ar bryttannyeit yn llydaw. ac eyswys yr auu ar nadunt o ryvel wynt ay gwledychassant hi.Fol. 50v yr hynny hyt hediw. Agwedy gwastattau onadunt. medylliaw aorugant am wreickae ydunt. Agwedy na elllyt rac galanasseu ymgyvathrachu ac vn genedyl onyt ar eidunt ev hyn. ac hevyt nad oed wiw ganthunt. Anvon aorugant hyt yn ynys brydeyn y erchi y Dunavt yarll kernyw; anvon ydunt vn vil ardec. o verchet dyledogeon o ynys brydeyn yn wreickaeu ydunt. Athrugeyn Mil o verchet gweinidogyon. canys ef oed gwercheidwat ar ynys brydeyn yn yr amser hwnnw. A gwedy bod hynny yn barawt; ac ev kychwyn hyt yngkevyn gweilgi ytu allydaw. y doeth tymphestyl arnadunt a bodi llawer onadunt. ac odyna y doeth gwascarredic gwynt; agwasgaru yr hynn adianghasseu or llongheu y amravaelion draetheu hep wybot ev dihenyd. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw ydoed Gwynwas brenhyn hynawd. a Melwas brenhyn peittw ar vor. ac yn ryuelu ar Germania o barthret Gracian. ac y kyuaruu dwy long onadunt. yn llawn or morynnion adywetpwyt vchot. A gwedy caffel manac onadunt ygan y rei hynny ry adaw ynys brydeyn yn wac; trossi ev hwyleu aorugant ytu ac ynys brydeyn. Agwedy ev dyuot yr alban y dir. llad aorugant y bobyl ganthunt fford y kerdynt. heb drugared. Ar hyn a edewssyt o wedillion trueyn yn ynys brydeyn heb allel ymderbynneit ac wynt. Agwedy klywet o vaxen hynny yn ruvein; anvon aoruc dwy leng o wyr arvavc. a gracian yn rad gymereat arnadunt yn borth yr bryttannyeit. A gwedy ev dyuot y ynys brydeyn. ny bu bell yny ymgyvaruuant ac ev gelynnyon.Fol. 51 ac ymlad yn wychyr creulon ac wynt. a llad llawer onadunt. a gyrru gwynwas a melwas ar ffo hyt yn ywerdon. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw y llas Maxen yn ruvein ay holl kedymeithion or ahanoed o ynys brydeyn. onyd a dienghis o bedestric hyt yn llydaw. ar kynan Meiriadauc. A hynny a oruc kedymeithion achereynt y gracian o lid ry wrthlad o vaxen gracian or amherodraeth.

A gwedy gwybot ry lad Maxen y kymyrth Gracian llywodraeth ynys brydeyn yn eidaw ehvn. a gwiscav coron y dyrnas aoruc. agwledychu hir amseroed drw creulonder wrth y bryttannyeit. A gwedy gwelet onadunt nathygey dim wrth y greulonder. y doeth y wyr ef ehvn am y ben ay lad. Agwedy gwybot owynwas a Melwas ry lad Gracian. kynullaw aorugant wyntheu o wyr llychlyn adenmarc ac yscottieit ar ffichtieit. adyuot hyt yn ynys brydeyn ay hanreithiaw o dan a haearn. a hynny or mor pwy gilyd. allat y kiwdawdwyr yn olofrud. A gwedy gwelet or bryttannyeit na alleynt ymderbyneit ac wynt. anvon a orugant hyt yn ruvein y geissiaw nerth y gan ssened ruvein y wrthlad y gelynyon oc ev tervynev. Ac yna y caussant lleng o wyr aruawc yn ganorthwy ydunt. Agwedy ev dyuot hyt yn ynys brydeyn; ymgynullaw aoruc y bryttanyeit attadunt. achyrchu ev gelynnyon yn wrhawl aorugant. ac ymlad ac wynt yn wychyr calet creulon. allad lluossogrwyd onadunt. agyrru ylleill ar ffo yw llongheu.Fol. 51v ac ev kymhell yr mor wynt. Agwedy gwrthlat onadunt ev gelynnyon oc ev teruyneu; o gyd kynghor ygwnaethant mur maen o gyffredyn dreul ywlat. y rwng deivyr ar goglet. val y bei annos y ystraun genedloed ev kyuarssanghu rac llaw. Agwedy darvot hynny adaristwng pob peth: y gyd y doethant hyt yn llvndeyn. Ac yno yd erchys gwyr ruvein y Guhelin arch escop llundein. kyghori yr brytannyeit amdiffyn ev gwlat yn wraul ac yn gadarn rac ystrawn genedloed. ahynny o gywreinrwyd. ac o aruer marchogaeth ac ymdwyn arueu. mal y gellynt ymaruer ac wynt pan vey reit yddunt. A menegi ry golli onadunt wy ev gwyr. ac ev sswllt ev heur ac ev hareant. mwy noc agaussant erioed o ynys brydeyn. yr keisiav amdiffyn ydunt ev teilyngdawt. ac na lauurieint pellach hynny trostunt. namyn ymwrthot ac ynys (brydein*) ac ay thernget o hynny allan. Agwedy menegi or archescob yr bryttannyeit ymadrodeon gwyr ruvein. yna y klywyt yr awyr ar daear yn edrinaw gan y diaspat girat adodes ygenedyl druan gyuarssangedic. ry ballu ev holl nerthoed. A gwedy kymryt ev cannyat o wyr ruvein ev llongheu a gyrchassant achychwyn a orugant y tu a ruvein. A gwedy menegi hynny y gwynwas a Melwas. kynullaw llu aorugant wyntev ymwyaf a allassant. adyuot yr alban y dir. aryvelu ar ybryttannyeit ac ev llat yn olofrud. agoresgyn yr alban hyt ym mor hvmyr. Agwneithur mynych kyrcheu ar ybrytan nyeit gan ev llad allosgi heb drugared.Fol. 52 A gwedy gwelet or brytannyeit na alleint ymderbynnyeit ac ev gelynnyon. Anvon aorugant y venegi ev anghyfnerth ac ev govid ac ev girat gwyn hyt ar Gitius amherawdyr ruvein. y ervyneid idaw yr duw ac yr y eneit y nerth ef vn weith y wrthlat ev gelynnyon oc ev tervynev. Agwedy menegi hynny y ssened ruvein yn llwyr. Eu nackav ar gwbyl awnaethpwyt ydunt. ac ymwrthot ac ynys brydeyn ay thernget yn dragywydawl. o hynny allan. Agwedy menegi yr bryttannyeit attep gwyr ruvein. dygyn oed y duw gwarandaw ar ev girat gwyn. ry ballu ydunt ev holl nerthoed. ac ev hymdiret. ac ev hadaw yn eneit vadeu yw gelynnyon. Ac yna yn ev kynhor y caussant anvon kuhelin archescop llundein hyt yn llydaw y geisiaw nerth ygan Alltwr brenhyn llydaw pedweryd brenhyn oed hwnnw gwedy kynan meiriadauc. A gwedy ydyuot ef hyt yn llydaw llawen uu yr brenhin wrthaw ay wahaud yn enrydedus aoruc travynney drigav yny wlat honno. A phan welas kuhelin amser y wneithur y neges. ef a ymgystlynavd kerrennyt ar brenhyn yn gyntaf. A menegi na buassei deledauc o ynys brydeyn yny gwledychu hi. yr pan dathoed Maxen achynan meiriadauc gyntaf y llydaw. sef achaus oed hynny; am gymryt o vaxen holl deledogyon ynys brydein y gyt ac ef. ac adaw yr ynys yn wac. onyt o alltudyon. agweindogion. a dynnyon diwala heb wybot dim. A dwyn ar gof idaw nad oed ar ydaear ynys y bei yawnach yr bryttanyeit keissiau kynnal y breynt ay dylehet nogit ynys brydeyn.Fol. 52v ac nad oed ford yw chynnal onyt drwy y nerth ef. A gwedy menegi o honaw yr brenhin gouyd ybryttanyeit ac ev anghyfnerth gan ystraun genedloed. doluriaw ev poen awnaeth yn vawr. A rodi ydunt dwy vil ovarchogion yn ganhorthwy ydunt achustennyn y vrawt yn dywyssawc arnadunt. Agwedy caffel ev llongheu yn baraud kychwin aorugant ytu ac ynys brydeyn. ac ymphorth totneis y doethant ydir. Agwedy gwybot or bryttanyeit trueyn gyuarssanghedic hynny. ymgynullaw attadunt aorugant. Agwedy klywet o gwinwas a Melwas hynny. ymbarattoi yn ev herbyn aorugant. Ac ny bu bell yny ymgyua(r)uuant ac wynt. ac ymlad yn wychyr llidiawc kreulon. a llad llawer o bop tu. Ac or diwed Custennyn agavas y uudygoliaeth. allad ev gelynnyon yn olofrud. A gwedy goruod onadunt ar ev gelynnyon wynt hyt ynghaer uudev a doethant.

Ac yna y gwisgws Custennyn gyntaf coron y deyrnas. ac y rodet yn wreic bwys ydaw merch y vn o deledogeon ruvein a vagassei kuhelin archescop. Ac ohonei y cauas tri meib. nyt amgen. Constans. Emreis. ac Vthyr. Ar constans hwnnw. a vagwyd ymanachloc amphimbalus ynghaer wynt. Ar meibion ereill a rodet ar kuhelin archescop ar vaeth. A gwedy gwledychu o custennyn deudeng mlyned yn hedwch tagnavedus. y doeth vn or ffichtieid. ac yn rith ymdidan ar brenhin o dieithyr y nyveroed.Fol. 53 ay vrathu a chyllell a dan y vron. ac or brath hwnnw y bu varw. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed. Gorthern gorthenev arglwyd ergig ac evas yn vn ohynaf gwyr ynys brydein a mwyaf awneit oe gynghor. Agwedy medyliaw ohonaw nad oed wir deledawc ar yny(s*) brydeyn onyt vn o dri meib custennyn. ar hynaf onadunt adylyhey y teilyngdaut py na bei y vod yn vanach. ar deu ereill nyt ottoedynt yn oedran. a chyt bythynt. gwybot na chaffei ef les yr hynny. canys ev tatmaeth alywiev y dyrnas drostunt yny vythynt yn oedran. Agwedy medyliaw pob peth ohonaw. dyuot aoruc hyt ynghaer wynt. A govyn y constans vanach pa enryded a gaffei ef ganthaw yr y wneithur ef yn vrenhyn. Ac yntev a edewys idaw bot ynys brydeyn wrth y lywodraeth ef yr hynny ay ewyllys. Agwedy dyrchavael y law ar hynny. ef adiosgas y abit y amdanaw. ac a wisgaud dillat byt amdanaw. ac ay duc ganthav or vanachloc o anvod yr abat ar holl covent. Agwedy dyuot ac ef hyt yn llvndeyn. ef awisgaud gorthern y goron am bem constans. ac ay hvrdaud yn vrenhyn.

A gwedy vrdaw Constans yn vrenhyn ar ynys brydeyn; yntev awnaeth Gorthern ynoreuchel ystyward adanaw yntev ar y holl kyuoeth. ac yn gwneithuredic pob peth or awneley megys ybrenhyn ehvn. Ac yna y dyvynnwt pawb or tywyssogion y wneithur gwr iogaeth yr brenhyn.Fol. 53v Ac y doeth paub yn vfyd. Agwedy ev bod velly talym o amser yn hedwch tagnauedus. medyliaw aoruc gorthern drwy yhen vrad pa furyf y galley ef ehvn mynet yn vrenhyn. Agwedy medyliaw ohonaw pob peth; dyvot aoruc ar y brenhyn amenegi bod llynghes ar y mor. ac na wydyt ple y dysgynynt. abot yn orev kadarnhau kestyll yr aruordiroed o wyr ac arveu abwyd adiawd. ac ymphob lle ar hyt yr ynys. rac yu kyvarssangu o ystrawn genedloed. Agwedy menegi hynny yr brenhyn; erchi aoruc ydaw gwneithur val ygweley vod yn yawn. am pob peth. Ac yna yd aeth gorthern o gastell y gastell ar hyt yr ynys. a gossot gwyr tyghedic idaw. or rei dewraf a kadarnaf a geffyt ym pob castell onadunt. a digawn o vwyt a diawt hyt ymphen y teyr blynet. agwedy daruot ydaw pob peth o hynny. dyvot aoruc ford yr alban a dethol pedwar vgeyn wyr. or meibion deledockaf ar rei bonhedickaf a goreu ev campeu or ahanoed o genedyl y pychtieit y dyvot ygyt ac ef hyt ar y brenhyn y gymryt gossymeyth ganthaw. ay ganlyn wrth pen y varch. Agwedy ev dyuot at ybrenhyn. llawen uu ybrenhyn wrthunt. Amenegi aoruc gorthern val y buassei yn ystoriaw y kestill. ac val y dugassei hynny o veibion gwyrda or alban wrth pen y varch. canys achos oed. os rywel a delei yr ynys; odeno y gnotthae dyuot. ac yno y gellit ev hattal val gwystlon dros ev tadeu. a diogel oed ganthaw na thorrey ev tadeu byth ar brenhyn tra vei ev meibion y gyt ac ef. Agwedy megi o gorthern y holl prosses.Fol. 54 bodlavn oed gan ybrenhyn pob peth or awneley. Agwedy ev bod velly talym o amser. gorthern arynghaud bod yr gweision yeueinc or alban. o barch ac enryded ac esmwithdra a rodeon. A gwedy ev bot nosweith yn yvet yny nevad yn hir gwedy mynet y brenhyn y gysgu. ar gweission yeweinc yn digawn ev medwed. y dywat gorthern wrthunt val hyn. vy arglwydy gedymeithion gan ywch kanneat reyt yw ymmy vynet y tu ar bychydic kyuoeth yssyt ymmy; y geissiaw o chaffwn dym or da odyno. val y gallwn treulyaw wrth kedymeithion y bey digrif gennyf. Paham heb yr wynt panyd tydi yssyt yn medu y vrenhiniaeth y wneithur a vynnych ydaw. Nagef ym kyffes neb ef. nyd oes ymmy o gyuoeth onyd erging ac evas. a phebythei nyd oed arydaear a enrydedwn ny yn gynt no chwychwi. A yna kymryt ev kanneat aoruc gorthern a mynet ygyssgu. Sefa wnaethant wy rwng medawd ageirieu gorthern kyrchu ystauell y brenhyn allad yben adyuot hyt yn lle ydoed gorthern a bwrw yr pen yny arffet. hwde heb yr wynt abyd vrenhyn weithion os mynne. Ac yna gwedy gwelet o orthern ry lad ybrenhyn wylau aoruc a hynny o dwyll ac nyd o alar am y brenhyn. Ac yna y perys gorthern daly y gwyr achlan ac ev carcharu. rac dial arnaw ef yr alanas. Agwedy klywet o kuhelyn archescop ry lad ybrenhyn or ffichtieit drwy vrat gorthern: ffo aoruc ynteu ar deu vab ereill hyt yn llydaw ar emyr llydaw ev kevynderw. rac ovyn twyll. A gwedy mynet y chwedyl hwnnw dros wyneb yr ynys;Fol. 54v y doeth paub or tywyssogyon hyt yn llundein. Ac yn ev kynghor y caussant krogi y pedwar vgeyn wyr aladassei yrbrenhyn. A gorchymyn y kyuoeth yn llaw gorthern yny geffynt brenhyn dyledauc arnadunt. Agwedy gwybot or ffichtieit crogi ev meibion kynullaw llu aorugant a ryvelu ar gorthern. A gwedy gwybot o orthern hynny. o dybygu goruot ar y elynnyon yn gynt. ay chwannocket yntev y bendevigiaeth. kymryt a oruc coron ydyrnas ay wisgaw am yben ehvn. a mynet yn vrenhyn heb ganeat neb or tywyssogion.

A gwedy mynet Gorthern yn vrenhyn anvon a oruc y dyvynnv paub or bryttanyeit attaw. y dyuot yn borth ydaw. y geissiaw dehol y elynnyon gan y fichtieit or ynys. Agwedy menegi hynny yr byttanyeit: y nackau ar gwbyl aorugant. ac erchi ydaw o gwnathoed ay twyll ay cam ydunt. gwneithur yawn; nev yntev derbynney adelei attaw. Agwedy ynackau argwbyl onadunt. anvon a oruc y ynyssoed ereill y geissiaw nerth o ystrawn genedloed. ac heb gaffel hayach. A gwedy ev bod velly amynych ymladeu ryngthunt. ac heb allel goruot ar y elynyon. agwelet llid y bryttanyeit wrthaw or parth arall; gorthrwm y kymyrth arnaw. amanaffu idaw yr ynys. canys oed mor aflonyd idaw; a mor enbyt am y eneit othrigey yndy. Agwedy ev dyuot hyt yn mynyded keynt. ef aweley teir llong anryued yw meynt ac ev hadurn. ar vor freinc. Ac anvon aoruc y wybot pa ryw longheu oedynt. ac opa wlat y doethessynt. ac o ba genedyl yd han noedynt. a pha le ydaynt. apheth oed ev haruaeth.Fol. 55 A gwedy dyuot y kennadeu attadunt. ac ymovyn ac wynt val yd archadoed ydunt ygan y brenhin. wynt a vanagassant ev hanvot o saxonia. vn o brenhinaetheu germania. A menegi bod yn reyt ydunt pob seith mlyned dethol niueroed or ynys honno y vynet y bresswiliaw y ynyssoed ereill. wrth na allei yr ynys ev porthi rac ev hamlet. ac ev bod wynt gwedy ry dethol yr blwydyn ahanner kyn no hynny. a horss. a hengyst. yn deu dywyssawc arnadunt. ac ev ryuot yn amgylchynu moroed yr blwydyn ahanner kyn no hynny heb gaffel le y disgynnu yndaw. ac yn ervynneit le ygan brehin ybryttannyeit y presswylyaw yndaw. o bei teilwng ganthaw. Ac wynt agadarnheynt ev bod: yn wyr kywir ffytlon idaw. Agwedy menegi yr brenhyn hynny; anuon a oruc ef yn ev hol. A gwedy ev dyuot. Amovyn aoruc y brenhyn ac wynt y bwy y kredeint. a menegi aorugant idaw pan yw y woden yn ev ieith wynthwy. agovyn or brenhyn peth oed hynny. amenegi or ieithydyon pan yw mercurius vn or geudwyweu. ac ev bot en enrededu pedweryd dyd or wythnos yny enw ef. ac yny alw yn wodenysdai. A geu duw arall aoed ydunt a elwit froeu. ac oe enw ef. ygalweint froesday. Agwedy gwelet or brenhyn telediwrwyd y gwyr; kymryt ev gwriogaeth aoruc. adyuot ygyd hyd yn llundeyn. Sef oed hynny gwedy dechreu byt. pedeir Mil. athrychant. ac vn vlwydyn a thrugeint. Sef oed oet crist yna. C.C.C.C.l.iiii.

A gwedy menegi yr ffichtieit ry gaffel o orthern nerth o ystrawn genedloed;Fol. 55v kyweiriaw aorugant ev llu adyuot yny erbyn. ac ymlat ac ef yn greulon a llad llawer o boptu. ac eissiwis or diwet ygoruu yr brenhyn. a hynny drwy nerth ysaxoineit. Agwedy gwelet or brenhyn hynny. llawenhau aoruc. a rodi yr saxonieit y tir a elwyt yn lyndesei gwedy hynny y presswilaw yndaw. Agwedy caffel onadunt kynnwys; wynt a anvonassant hyt yn germania yn ol deu naw llongheit o wyr aruawc yn nerth ydunt. Ac yn yr ennyd hwnnw y doeth hors ahengist hyt ar y brenhyn y geisiaw ganthaw ae castell ae dinas mal y galleynt ymgadw yndunt rac ruthyr ev gelynnyon. Ac yna y dywat y brenhyn na lauassei ef hynny: hep canneat y bryttanyeit. a phei ys gwnelei; y gwrthledyt ef or ynys. ac wynteu hevit. Agwedy nachaffant hynny. wynt a ervynnassant cannyat y adeiliat caer onadunt ev hun. kyulet achroen ech. y geissiaw ev hamdiffin rac ev gelynnyon. ac yrodes ybrenhin hynny ydunt. Ac yna yd aethant adref. ac y keisiassant croen ych mwyaf agaffant. ac ay hollassant yn vn garrei veinaf ac y gallassant. ac ystynnu honno yn oreu ac y gallassant. ac wrth honno y gwnethpwyt dinas y garrei. A honno a elwit yna ydwong chestyr. Agwedy gwneithur ydinas y doeth y llongheu adywetpwyt uchot yr ynys. a Merch y hengist ygyd ac wynt. Ronwen oed yhenw. a morwyn glotuawr obryt oed hyt na welssit ychyffelyb. Ac yna yn y kynghor y cawssant gwneithur gwled a gwahawd y brenhyn yr wlet.Fol. 56 ar niuer avynhei ygyt ac ef. y edrych yr edeiliat. Agwedy dyuot y brenhyn yr wlet. llawen uuwd wrthaw. val ydoed ar diwed y vwyd. ef a welei morwyn anryued y thegwch yn dyuot or ystauell. a ffioleid o win yny llaw. ac yn disgynnv ardal y glin gerbron y brenhyn. ac yn dywedud louerd kig wassail. Ac yna ygovynnawd ybrenhyn pa beth a dywat hi. ac ydywat y ieithyt. dy alw di yn arglwyd vrenhyn hep ef. ac yn heiliaw arnat. peth adywedafinneu hep ybrenhyn. dringhail hep ieithyth. Dringhail hep ybrenhyn wrth y vorwyn. A llyna yr wassail ardringhail gyntaf adoeth y ynys brydeyn erioed. A gwedy gwelet or brenhyn pryt y vorwyn ay thegwch. kyfflenwi a oruc oe sserch ay chariat. hyt na allei bod hepdi yr dim or a uu. Ay herchi y hengist aoruc. Ac y cauas ynteu yny gynghor y rodi ydaw. Ar nos honno y kysgyssant ygyd. Athrannoeth y bore y doeth hengist y erchi ychowyll. ar brenhyn a erchys idaw nodi yr hynn a vynnei ac ynteu ay caffei. a hengist aerchys idaw dyrchauel y law ar hynny. Ar brenhyn ay dyrcheuys. Ac ynteu a erchis jarllayt keynt canys yno y doethant kyntaf y dir. ac o achaws. vot honno yn aruordir aphorthlodoed amyl. mal ygellynt derbynneit ev kenedloed pan deleynt yr ynys heb ovyn canneat y neb. Achanys daruot yr brenhyn adaw ydunt hynny: y rodi ydunt a wnaeth. A gwedy gwybot o Gwrgant Jarll keynt hynny; gorthrwm y kymyrth arnaw.Fol. 56v a chwynaw aoruc wrth tywyssogion yr ynys am hynny. A gwedy gwybot o bawp or tywyssogyon hynny: hagyr uu ganthunt. Ac yn enwedic hagrach oed gan y dri meib ef ehun; a hanoed o wreic arall. no gyt gan neb amgen. henw y dri meib oed. Kyndeyrn. a Gwertheuyr. a Phasgen. Aphan oed oet crist. dwy ath(r)ugeynt aphedwar cant. y gwnaeth leo pab ruuein duw pasc; ar duw ssul. Ablwydyn gwedy hynny y ganet sant freit. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw y doeth Garmaun. a lupus trauscens. nev o ieith kymraec. Bleid ygedymdeith ygyt ac ef. y pregethu yr bryttannyeit. canys oedynt kyssegredic o gristonogawl fyt. ac yr pan dathoet paganieit yn ev plith. ef a doeth heresys a geu bregeth pelagian ganthaw. canys gwenwyn y geu bregethwr hwnnw. a lygrassei llawer o ffyd ymplith y bryttannyeit. A gwedy pregethu o Garmaun ableid y gedymdeith yr bryttannyeit. yna atnewydhau ev fyd aorugant. canys pob peth or adywettynt ar ev tavodeu wynt ae kedernheynt oc ev peunydiawl wyrtheu. Ac anryuedodeu mawr a wnay duw yrdunt. ar gweithredoed hynny; adraethws Gildas vap Caw y(n) eglur gwedy hynny. Ac yna ydoeth hengist a dywedut wrth Gorthern. tydi weithyon yssyt vab i miui. a Minheuyn dat yttitheu. A iawn yw ytti bellach gwneithur vyngkynghor i; am bop peth. A Minneu ath kyghoraf ditheu yn oreu ac y gwyppwyf ac y gallwyf. A llyna dy gynghor di. rac dy gyuarssanghu o ystrawn genedloed. nev dy genedyl dy hun o lid wrthit agattvyd.Fol. 57 Anvon hyt yn Germania yn ol Octa vy mab. ac Ossa y ewythyr marchogeon klotuawr. a rodi ydunt ysccotlond ford ydys yn dy orthrymv di o vynych ryueloed. Ac wynt a warchatwant yr ardal honno rac ystrawn genedloed. ac ath kynhaliant ditheu arglwyd. hyt na lauasso neb gwrthnebu ytt. A gwedy gwelet or brenhyn y kynghor yn da; trigaw awnaeth wrthaw. Ac anvon hyt yn germania yn ol octa ac ossa. Ac y doethant wyntteu athri chan llong yn llawn o wyr aruawc hyt yn ynys brydein. Ac octa. ac ossa. a cheldric. yn dywyssogeon arnadunt. A gwedy klywet or byttannyeit hynny; argyssyriaw aorugant yn vawr. rac meynt y niueroed ry glywsseynt yr dyuot ydir. Ac anvon ar y brenhyn aorugant ac erchi idaw ev gwrthlat or ynys. Agwedy menegi yr brenhyn hynny; ev nackau argwbyl aoruc. namyn rodi tir adaear yddunt y bresswilaw arnaw. Agwedy gwybo(t) o dywyssogyon yr ynys hynny; dethol aorugant. Gwertheuyr vab gwrthern yn vrenhyn arnadunt. adechreu ryuelu ar y paganyeit saesson y gadarn.

A gwedy bod Gwertheuyr yn vrenhyn ef arodes pedwar kyfrang ydunt. ac ef aruu ar bop vn onadunt. kyntaf vn onadunt arodet ar derwennyd avon. Ar eil yn ryd y pyfford. Ac yn yr ymlad hwnnw y kyuaruu kyndeyrn a hors. ac y lladawt pob vn ygilid onadunt. Ar tryded kyffranc auu arlan ymor pan foassant hyt yn ynys danet.Fol. 57v Ac ev hymlit aoruc gwertheuyr hyt yno. ac yna y bu y pedwared kyffranc arnadunt. ac yna yllas wynt yn olofrud. Agwedy gwelet o nadunt nad oed le ydunt ymattiang; adaw ev gwraged. ac ev plant. ac ev sswllt. aorugant. A ffo onadunt ev hvn yr llongheu achyrchu kevyn gweilgi y tu a germania. Ac yna y kymyrth gwertheuyr ev sswllt ac ae rannawd val y bu da ganthaw. A gwedy ry gaffel ohonaw y uudugolyaeth; ef a doeth y tu ac ynys brydeyn. A gwedy klywet o ronwen gwreic Gorthern ry lad ysaesson yn olofrud; dygymmot aoruc hitheu ac vn owyr gwertheuyr. a rodi idaw anheirif o eur ac aryant yr y wenhwinaw. A hynny a oruc y twyllwr bradwr ev arglwyd. Agwedy gwybot o gwertheuyr y wenhwynaw; anvon aoruc ydyfvynnv pawb or dywyssogyon yr ynys attaw. A gwedy ev dyuot oll attaw. ev kynghori aoruc yamdiffyn ev gwir dylyet rac ystrawn genedloed. amenegi ev perrygleu ydunt. agwedy daruot idaw hynny; rannv y sswllt aoruc yw dywyssogyon y baup onadunt mal y raglydei. Ac erchi aoruc ydunt llosgi ygorf. a dodi yllydyw ymevn delw o heuyd a wnelid ar y eilun ef ehun. agossot ydelw yn y borthloed y fford y delei yr ystrawn genedloed yr ynys. A diheu oed ganthaw na deuwei yr vn onadunt byth yr ynys honn; hyt tra gweleynt ydelw ef ar y tir. Agwedy y varw ef; ny wnaeth ydywyssogyon mal yd archadoed ydunt. namyn y gladu yn llundein yn enrydedus.Fol. 58 Ac y caussant yn ev kynghor canys nad oed gwir deledawc aallei vod yn vrenhyn ar ynys brydeyn yna; kymryt Gorthern yr eilweith yn vrenhyn arnadunt. a hynny drwy aruolleu kadarn. na chynhwysseu neb o ystrawn genedloed yr ynys. onyt drwy kytssynnedigaeth pawb or tywyssogyon.

A gwedy caffel o Orthern llywodraeth ydyrnas yr eilweith. Anvon aoruc Ronwen hyt yn germania ar hengist ythat y erchi idaw dyuot y ymwelet a hi. a chyuartalrwid oniver ygyt ac ef hyt yn ynys brydeyn. amenegi ry varw gwertheuyr. A gwedy gwybod onadunt hynny llawen uu ganthunt. Achynullaw aoruc hengist trychant Mil o wyr aruauc y dyuot y gyt ac ef hyt yn ynys brydeyn. Agwedy klywet or bryttannyeit ry dyuot niver kymeynt a hwnnw yr ynys. anvon a orugant ar y brenhyn ac erchi ev gwrthlat or ynys wynt. Agwedy gwybot or saxonyeit hynny; anvon aorugant ar ybrenhyn. ac ar y tywyssogyon y ervyneit ydunt; na chymereynt yn lle drwc ev dyuot mor luossawc ahynny y ynys brydeyn. Amenegi na doethatn wy yr volest y neb or bryttannyeit yr ynys; namyn dyuot y ymwelet ac ev kares gan yvrenhines. athybiaw na buassei varw Gwertheuyr vendigeit. arac ev kyuarssanghu o honaw val y gwnathoed gynt; ydoeth hynny o niver y gyd ac wynt. A chanys buassei varw gwertheuyr. Ervynneit yd oedynt yr brenhyn ac yr tywyssogyon obei ewyllys ganthunt.Fol. 58v gadel ydunt ylle y buessynt gynt yny bresswyliaw ac yw gynnal a dan goron lundein. ac wynt a gymereynt arnadunt amdiffin yr ynys rac ruthyr ystrawn genedloed or fford honno hyt tra vytheynt vew wyntwy. Ac onybei da ganthunt hynny; ervynneit yddunt kymmryt oed dyt teruynedic yny lle ymynneynt or ynys. y wybot pa niver y bei ewyllys ganthunt trigaw yn yr ynys pa niver ny bei. ac ogwnathoed neb onadunt cam yr bryttanyeit parawt oedynt ywneithur yawn idaw drwy ewyllys da. o bop cam or a ellyt y brouy arnadunt ywneithur. Agwedy llenwi ybryttannyeit onadunt o ymadrodeon tec: oed y dyd a ossodet duw kalan mei. yny maes maur yngkymre. ylle ygelwit gwedy hynny salisburie. A gwahart na dyckei neb onadunt arueu ganthunt. rac tyfu ymrysson y rwng y pleidieu. A rac argywedu neb onadunt ar ygilid. A gwedy dyuot oed ydyd medyliaw a oruc hengist oy hen vrat; A gorchymyn y bop vn oy wyr ef. bot kyllell yn dirgeledic yny hossan. Aphan archei ef; draweth hwr sexes. tynnv ev kellyll allad aellynt vwyaf or tywyssogyon yn diarwybot ydunt. Agwedy dyuot y brenhyn a phawb or tywyssogyon y gyd y gymryt ev kynghor. am y niver a vynneint trigaw yn yr ynnys; ac am y niuer nys mynneint. Ef a doeth hengist attadunt yr kyngor a dan dreithu geirieu twyllodrus klaear. Ar saxonieit yn ev kylch; yn ymwarandaw ac wynt.Fol. 59 Aphan welas y bradwr twyllwr ysgymvn amser idaw; ef adywat draweth hwr sexes. Ac yna ytynyassant ev kellyll ac y lladassant trugein wyr a phedwar cant. y rwng Jeirll a Barrwnieit o ynys brydeyn. A dodi llaw a oruc hengist ar y brenhyn ay daly. Ac or aoed o dywyssauc yn ynys brydeyn; ny dienghis yr vn hep lad yno dieithyr Eidiol iarll caer loew. Adienghys o nerth trossaul a gavas a dan y draet. ac or vn trossaul hwnnw. ef aladawt deng wyr athrugeint; ac a dienghys yn iach ev gyuoeth ehvn. Ac yna y perys eidal escop cladu corfforoed y tywyssogyon ynghaer caradauc yn ymyl manachloc ambri. ac ef aberys abat yno gyntaf.

Ac yna y duc hengist yar y brenhyn caer llundein achaer efrawc. achaer lyncoll. achaer wynt. a holl lloygyr adan y theruynev. ac ay rannawd yrwng y saxsonieit. Ac yna y dodes pob vn onadunt aryran: sex. nyd amgen. estsex. sswthsex. westsex. y doyn argof yr ysgymvn vrat ar lladua a wnathoedynt ac ev kellyll ar deledogyon yr ynys. Ac yna y dillwnghwyt Gorthern o garchar. ac y diholat ef o deruyneu lloegyr. Ac yna y ffoas ynteu hyt yngkymre. Agwedy ydyuot y gymre; gorthrwm y kymyrth arnaw y wrthlat oc y vrenhiniaeth mor waradwydus a hynny. Amedyliaw aoruc adeiliat castell cadarn rac y gyuarssanghu oy elynnyon mor dybryd ac y gwnaethessynt gynt. A gwedy rodiaw holl teruyneu kymre onadunt; y geisiaw lle adas y adeiliat yndaw. wynt a doethant lle gelwir yr aurhon dinas emrys yn erryri.Fol. 59v Ac yna y gwelssant ylle cadarnhaf herwyd ytybygeint wy; yn holl kemry y adeiliat castell arnaw. A gwedy dwyn sseiri mein adechreu gweith y gaer; kymeynt ac awneleynt y dyd. yn erbyn trannoeth y bore ny bydei vn maen yny lle onadunt. A gwedy ev bot velly yn llauuriaw yn over yn hir yspeit; ryuedwch mawr oed gan bawb pabeth awnay hynny. Agwedy nad oed neb ay gwybpei; galw aoruc Gorthern ar y deudec prif veird; a govyn ydunt pabeth awnay yr gweith na ssauei. Ac yno yr aethant y gymryt ev kynghor. Agwedy na wydiat neb onadunt pa ryw attep a rodeint yr brenhyn: gorthrwm oed ganthunt hynny achywilid. Ac yna ydywat vn onadunt wrth y lleill; dechymygwn heb ef y peth ny allo bot. ac erchi keisiaw hwnnw; a hwnnw ny cheffir byth. ac yvelly ybydwn diatneir nynheu; y wrth y brenhyn. Ac y caussant yn ev kynghor dywedud. pei keffit gwaet mab heb dat. achymysgu ygwaet hwnnw ar dwfyr ac ar calch; dywedut yssauei yr gweith. A dywedut yny geffit hynny; na sauei dim o honaw. Agwedy menegi hynny yr brenhyn. anvon aoruc ar hyt kymre y geisiaw Mab heb dat. Ac anvon llythyrau pa le bynnac y keffit ykyfriw nas goludit heb ydanvon attaw ef. Agwedy rodiaw pob lle onadunt hep gaffel dim. wynt adoethant hyt yngkaer verdyn; Sef achaws y gelwyt ydref honno yn gaer vyrdyn; Am y sseiliaw yn gyntaf o Myrd owyr. ac or achos hwnnw y gelwyt yn gaer vyrdyn o hynny allan.Fol. 60 Agwedy dyuot y kenhadeu hyt o dieithyr y gaer agwelet meibion yn gwareu a phel. gorffowys aorugant ac edrech ar y meibion yn gwareu. Sef awnaeth vn or meibion kaffel y bel atharaw mab arall yndolurus. sef awnaeth y mab arall yskippeit ybel ay daraw ynteu yn dostach ynda. Ac o hynny tyfu kywira y rwng y meibion. Taw di hep y neill mab wrth y llall. nyt wyt kyt kywira di amyvi. canys bonhedic wyffi; o blegyt mam athat. Athitheu nyt oes ytt vn tat. yrofi a duw heb y mab arall ysbonhedicgach vy mam i; noth vam di ath tat. Agwedy klywet or gwyr kywira yr meibion; ymavel yny mab adywetpwyt y uot heb dat aorugant. ay dwyn ger bron ysswydogion pennaf or dref. Athangos llythyreu yr brenhin ydunt. Ac yr awr y gwelsant y llythyreu; ac ev dyall. kyrchu mam y mab aorugant. ac ev hanvon y gyt hyt ar ybrenhyn. hyt yn dinas emreis. A gwedy ev dyuot ger bron ybrenhyn. govyn aoruc ef idi ay hi a oed vam yr mab. hieu arglwyd hep hi. pwy yw ydat ynteu heb ef. nysgwnn arglwyd heb hi. ny bu ymmi achos agwr yrmoed. Pa furyf ykefeistitheu beichiogi hep y brenhin. Arglwid hep hi merch oedwn yvrenhyn dyuet. ac yn ieuwanc ym rodet yn vanaches yn eglwis pedyr yngkaer verdyn. ac val yr ottoedwn nosweith yn kysgu yrwng vy chwioryd. Mi awelwn drwy vy hvnn gwas ieuwanc yn kydiaw a mi. aphan deffroeis ny welwnn dim. ac yr hynny; pan doeth yr amser trymhau o honofi;Fol. 60v A phan uu da gan duw y ganet ymab aweldi yna. Ac ym kyffes yduw arglwyd ny bu ymmi achaws agwr erioed onyd hynny. Ac yna y govynnawd Gorthern y veugant gwr mawr y wybodeu oed hwnnw. a allei hynny vod yn wir. gallei arglwyd hep ef. Gynt pan ssyrthiawd lucifer or decuet rad or nef. a llawer o engylion y git ac ef; yny mod yr ottoedynt pan erchis yr arglwyd ydunt drigaw. ymaent yn trigaw yr hynny hyt hediw. Ac ymae llawer onadunt yn gallu kymryt drech corff dyn amdanaw. ac ymrithiaw yn rith gwreic; ac yn derbynyeit kyt gan wr. ac eilweith ymrithiaw yn rith gwr. achydiaw a gwreic drwy ev hwnn. ac or kyt hwnnw; ef aallei y keffit beichiogi. Agwedy menegi yr brenhyn yn llwyr. ef a ouynnawd yr wreic a vynnei hi efo yn vab idi dros ymab hi hvnn. ac ynteu a gymerei arnaw y diwallu hi tra vei vew ef yn gistal ay gorff e hvnn. Arglwyd hep hi peth a wnahutti am mab i pei ysgaffuti. kymysgu hep ef y waet ar dwfyr ac ar kalch; y geissiaw gan y gweith sseuyll. Och arglwyd hep hi llad di vi; ac na lad vy mab. Paham arglwyd hep y mab pabeth a wnay ym gwaet i peri yr gweith ssevill mwy no gwaet arall. Vyn deudec prif veird hep y brenhyn adywedassant na ssavei y gweith byth yny geffit gwaet mab hep dat y gymysgu ar dwfyr ac ar kalch. Arglwyd hep y mab gad ydunt dyuot ger dy vron di yneb adywat hynny.Fol. 61 Ac yna y gelwid ar y deudec prif veird ger bronn ybrenhyn. a govyn ydunt aoedynt ardelw ar a dywedasseynt. y gwnai gwaet mab hep dat yr gweith ssevill. Ac y kawssant yn ev kynghor bod yn ardelw. o dybygu bot yn drech ev geir wynt yll deudec; nor hwnn y mab ehvn. Ac yna y go[vyn]nawt y mab ydunt pa beth a oed yn llesteirias yr gweith sseuyll. A gwedy na wideynt atteb idaw. y govynnawt y brenhyn yr mab pa beth aoed yny lesteirias. Ac yna y dywat y mab arglwyd hep ef; a dan y broynsswrn rackw yssyt ymherued y plas. ymae yr llyn teckaf or aweles neb; ar dyfnaf. ac ynggwailawt y llynn y mae kist o vaen goreu ygweith awelas neb. ac yny gist vaen y mae dwy dreic yn kysgu. aphan deffroant ymlad a wnant. ac o angerd yr ymlad hwnnw. y kyffre y gist vaen. ar dwfyr. ar daear. yny wasgaro yr gweith pob maen y wrth i gilid. Agwedy bythynt yn ymlad y nos; kysgu rac blinder awnant y dyd. ac yna y keffir y gweith yn digyffro. Agwedy menegi yr brenhyn hynny: ef aberis cladu lle ydywedassei yr mab idaw. ac ny bu bell y cladassant: yny gad y llynn anodun teckaf awelaf neb. Ac yna keisiaw onadunt gwehynnv y llynn; hep dygyaw ydunt. Agwedy gwelet hynny or brenhyn; govyn aoruc yr mab aoed fford y ellwng yllyn odeno. oes arglwyd hep y mab a gwaethaf yw y ellwng. kyt bo gwaethaf heb ef. mi avynnaf y ellwng. Ac yna ydoeth y mab idaw oy geluydodeu; ac ay dillynghawd yn pymp frwt y redec.Fol. 61v Ac an ab y lleian y gelwit ymab kyn no hynny. Ac o hynny allan y dodet arnaw Merdyn. o achos y gaffael yngkaer vyrdyn. A gwedy dillwng y llyn yny gat y gist vaen adywetpwyt vchot. y brenhin a vynnei gwelet peth oed yny gist vaen. Ac yno yd egoret y gist vaen. Prophwidoliaeth Merdyn emreis.

Gortheyrn gortheni yn eisteu ar lan y llynn gwehynniedic. y kyuodassant dwy dreic: vn wen ac vn coch. ac ymlat girat y ryngthunt. A gyrru or dreic wen y coch y eithauioed y llynn. Ar dreic coch gwedy y doluriaw a yrrawt y wenn dracheuyn. Agwedy gwelet o Gorthern hynny; govyn awnaeth y verdyn peth a arwidockae hynny. ymdorri o wylaw (a oruc a galw) y yspryt attaw a dywedut o brophwydoliaeth. Gwae (hi) y dreic coch canys yhaball yssyt yn bryssiaw. Egogoueu aachub ydreic wenn er honn aarwydockaa y saisson; E dreic coch aarwydockaa y bryttannyeit: yr honn agyuerssengir y gan y wenn. Wrth hynny ymynydet awastattehir val y glynneu; ac auonyd y glynneu alithrant o waet. Diwyll y gristonogaeth adilyir; achwymp yr eglwisseu aymdewynnic. Eny diwed y ragrymhaa y gyuarssangedic: ac y diwalder yr ystronnyon y gwrthneppa. Canys baed kernyw aryd cannorthwy; amynygleu yr ystronnyon asathyr adan ydrayd. Enyssoed yr eigiawn adarystynghant idaw: a gwladoed freinc a ved. Ty ruvein a houynhaa y diwalder ef; ay diwed avyd pedrus. Engeneu y bobil yd anrydedir; ay weithredoed avyd bwyt yr aydatkano. Cwech gwedy ef aymlynant y deyrn wialen; a gwedy wyntev y kyuyt y pryf o germania.Fol. 62 Y morawl vleid adyrcheif hwnnw; yr hwnn agedymeithockaa llwyneu yr affric. Y krevid a dilehir eilweith; a symudedigiaeth yr eisteduaeu pennaf avyd. Teilyngdawt llundeyn adurdockaa caer geint; a seithuet bugeil caer efrauc a vynycha teyrnas llydaw. Myniw a wisgir o vantell caerllion; aphregethwr iwerdon a vyd mvd o achos y mab yn tyfu ynghalon y vam. Ef a daw glaw gwaet; a girat newyn alywia y rei marwaul. Pan delant y petheu hynny. y doluria y dreic coch; ac yny bo llithredic y llawr y grymhaa. Ena y bryssia direidi ydreic wenn; ac adeiliadeu y gardeu adiwreidir. Seith dygiawdyr y teyrn wialen aledir; ac vn onadunt a vyd ssant. Crotheu ev mammeu a hollir; ar meibion a enir kyn oed. Dirvawr boen a vyd yr dynnyadon: y dalu yr rei eissiewedic. A wna y petheu hynny a wisc gwr evydawl; athrwy llawer o amseroed ar varch evrdawl ageidiw perth llundeyn. Odyno yd ymchwoyl y dreic coch yny phriodolion deuodev ac yndaw ehvn y llauuria ydywalhau. Wrth hynny y daw dial y holl kyvoedawc: canys pob tir a dwyll y amaeth. Maruolaeth a gribdeilia y bobyl ar holl kenedloed adifrwitha. E gwedillion a adavwant ev ganedic daear; ac aheant gardeu ystronawl. Ebrenhyn bendigieit a darmertha llynghes; ac yn neuad y deudec yrwng y gwynvydedigion y rivir. Ena y byd truan adawedigiaeth y deyrnas; ac ydlannev yr ydev a ymchwoil yn anfrwithlawn. Eilweith y kyuid ydraic wenn; a merch germania a wahawd. Eilweith y llenwir yn gardeu ni o ystronawl hat;Fol. 62v ac yn eithavioed y llynn y gwanhaa y dreic coch. Odyna y coronheir y pryf o germania; ac y kledir y tywyssawc evydeit. Tervyn gossodedic yssit idi. yr hwnn ni eill mynet trostaw; deng mlyned adeugeint a chant y byd yn anwastadrwyt adarystyngedigaeth. try chant hagen y gorffowys. Ena y kyuyd yny erbyn gogled wynt; ar blodeu agreawd y gwynt or deheu agribdeilia. Ena id eurir ytempleu; ac ni gorfowys llymder ev kledyfeu. Breid vyd ocheif y pryf o germania y ogoveu; canys dial y vrat adaw yny erbyn. Wrth y diwed ygrymhaa y chweric; degwm normandi hagen a argyweda. Canys pobil adaw yn y erbyn ymewn prenn apheisieu heyrn amdanadunt; y rei agymher dial o diwalder hwnnw ay enwired. Ef agyweiria yr hen dywyllodron ym presswilua; achwymp yr estronnyon a ymdewynnic. Hat y dreic wenn oc an gardeu ni a eillir; agwedillion y genedil a degymmir. Gwed tragwydawl geithiwet a dyborthant. ac ev mam a vriwant ogeibieu ac erreidir. Ena y dynessa ydwy dreic. vn onadunt o ergyt kynghorvynt a dygir; y llall hagen a ymchweil a dan wasgawt y henw. O dyno y nessaa llew gwirioned; ar vreviat yr hwnn yd ergrynant tyreu freinc ar ynysolion dreigeu. En dydieu hwnnw eur or lilivm ar danhaden adrossir; ac aryant alithyr o ewined y rei a vrefuoynt. Epengrychion awisgant amrauailion gnvfoed; ar abit vchaf a arwydockaa y petheu o vewn. Traet y rei agyuarthwynt a drychir: hedwch a gaffant y bwistviled. dyniolaeth a doluria ev poen. Ef a hollir furyf ygyfnewit; ar hanner avyd crwn.Fol. 63 Ef a balla cribdeil y barcutanot; a dannet y bleideu a bylhir. Canawon y llew a symudir ymorolion byscgawd; ar erir hwnnw a wna y nyth ar vynyd erryei. Gwyned a gocha oy mammawl waet; a thy corineus a lad chwe broder. Onossolion dagreuoed y gwlyppaha yr ynys; o dyno y gelwir paub ar bob peth. Gwae hi normandi canys yndi y dineuhir emehennyd y llew: a gwedy y dryllier y alodeu y byrir oe dadawl dywarchen. Y blant ef a lauuriant ehedic ar goreuchelder; kynhelw hagen y petheu newyd adyrcheuir. Yr mediannvs owarder id argywedir o enwired; yny bo ef wisgedic oy dad. Wrth hynny y rwymedic o dannet y baed coet; a esgyn blaen y mynyded a gwasgaud ypenfestiniauc. Llidiaw a wna yr alban. ac yny bo herwid alwedic ystlysseu; llauuriaw a wna ydineu gwaet. Eny enev ef y rodir frwyn. yr hwnn a wneir yn arffed llydaw. Erir tor gynghreir a eura hwnnw; ac yny trydy nyth y llawenhaa. Ena y deffroant canaon y llew. agwedy id ysgaeluswynt y llwyneu; o vewn mvroed y dinessyd id heliant. Ayrua nyt bychan or a wrthneppo a wnant; a thauodeu y teiriw adrychant. Mynygleu y rei avrefwynt a orthrymant o gadwinave a henavion amseroed anewidhant. Odena or kyntaf yr pedweryd. or pedweryd yr trydet. or trydet yr eil: y troir bawd yn olew. E chwechet a diwreidia mvroed iwerdon; ay llwyneu a ssymvt yn wastatrwyd. Amravailion ranneu adwc yn vn: ac o ben y llew y coronheir. Y dechreu ef a ymdyry i orwaged: y diwed hagen a ehetta ar oreuchelder.Fol. 63v Hwnnw a adnewydhaa eisteduaev ygwynvydedigion trwy yr gwladoed; ac alehaa y bugelid yn lleod gwedus. Dwy gaer a wisc dwy vantell: a gweryuolion rodyon aryd yr gwerydon. Odyno y gobrin canmawl yr holl kyuoethawc; ac yrwng y gwynvydedigion y kyffleheir. O hwnnw y kerda linx a dyllha pob peth: yr hwnn a ymdewynnic yn gwymb y briawt genedil. Drwy hwnnw y kyll normandi y dwy ynys; ac oi hen deilyngdawt yd yspeilir. Odyna yd ymchweilant y kiwdawdwyr yr ynys; canys anyhvndeb yr ystronnyon a ymdengis. Er hen gwynn ar varch gwelw yn diheu adrossa avon perydon; ac a gwialen wen a vessur melyn arnei. Cadwaladyr a eilw kynan; ar alban a gymer yny gedymeithas. Ena y byd aerva or ystrawn genedloed; ac yna y llithrant yr avonyd o waet. Ena y tyrr mynyded llydaw; ac or teyrn wialen y coronheir y bryttannieit. Ena y llenwyr kymre o lewenyd; a chedernyt kernyw a irhaa. O henw brutus yd henwir yr ynys; ac enw yr estronnyon a balla. O gynan y kerda baed ymladgar; y hwnn a limhaa blaynev y danhet o vewn y lwynev freinc. Ef a dyrcheif pob kedernyt mwiaf: ac yr rei lleiaf aryd amdiffyn. Hwnnw a ofnhaa yr avia ar affrica; canys y ruthyr ef a estyn y eithavion yr yspayn. En nessaf y hwnnw y daw boch o sserchawl gastell abaryf ariant idaw ac achyrn evr: yr hwnn achwyth oy ffroyneu y veint wybrev yny dywyllhao yr holl ynys. Hedwch a vyd yny amser ef; ac o frwithlonder y dywarchen yd emylheir yr ydeu.Fol. 64 E gwraged yn ev kerdediat avydant nadred; a phob cam ydunt alenwir o ssyberwit. Ena yd adnewidheir kestill godineb; ac ny pheid ssaetheu kybydiaeth o vratheu. Fynnaw(n) echwit a ymchweil yn waet; a deu vrenhyn a wnant ornest am y llewes o ryd y vagyl. Pob gweryt a gynheicka; dynyolaeth ny pheit a godinab. Pob peth o hynny teir oes ay gwyl; yny datkudier y brenhyn cladedic yngkaer llundeyn. Eilweith yd ymchweil newin a maruolaeth y bobil; ac o diffeithwch y keirid y doluria y kiwdawdwyr. Odyno y daw baed y gyfnewid. yr hwnn a eiliw y kynveinioed yw colledigion boruehid. Y vronn ef a vyd bwid yr rei eisiewedic; ay davawd a hedycha yr ssychedigion. Oy enev of ykerdant avonyd; y rei a werennant y gwywon weusset ydynnyon. Odyna ar twr llundein y crehir pren atheir keing arnaw: yr hwnn adywylla yr holl ynys oled i deil. Yn erbyn hwnnw y kyvyt gogled wynt; ac oy enwir chwythiat ef a gribdeilia y trydyd geing. E dwy hagen a dricko a achub lle y diwreidiedic; yny dihelwo yneill yllall o amylder y deil. O deno hagen y kymher yr vn lle y dwy; ac adar y teyrnassoed eithiaf a gynheil. Yw wladolion adar y byd argyweidiawdyr; canys rac ofyn y wasgawt ef. y collant ev ryd ehedeat. Yn nessaf y hwnnw ydaw assen enwired buan yngweith eur; a llesc yn erbyn kribdeil bleidiev. En (y*) dydieu hynny y llosgant y deri yny llwineu; ac yngheinghev y llwif y genir y mes. Mor hafre drwy sseith drws a ret;Fol. 64v ac avon wysc trwy sseith mis a gymer chwa. Piscawt honno owres y bydant varw; ac o honadunt y crehir ynadred. Yna yd oira enneint badwn; ac ev dyfured echwydawl a vagant angheu. Llundeyn a gwyn angheu vgein Mil; ac avon temhys assymvdir yn waet. Perchen y kwfuleu a wahodir yr neithioreu; ac ev lleff aglywir hyt yn mynyd mynheu. Teir ffynhawn a gyvyd o gaer wint; frydeu yr rei hynny a hollant yr ynys yn deir ran. Y neb a yfo o vn onadunt; o hir uuchet yd aruera ac ny orthrymbir o wander rac llaw. A yvo or eil; o annifficgedic newyn y diballa. ac yny wyneb ybyd ydiliwder arruthyr. A yuo or dryded; o dissyvyd angheu y diballa. ac nythric y gorff mewn bed. Y rei avynho gochel ydemphestyl honno; wynt a lauuriant o ymdirgelu o amrauaelion kudiedigaetheu. Wrth hynny pa bwys bynnac adotter arnadunt furyf corff arall agymher; canys daear yn vein. Mein yn bren. pren yn lludw. Lludw yn dufuyr. a vyrier yn vchaf aymchweil yn issaff. Ar hynny y dyrchevir Morwyn o gaer y llwyn llwyd y rodi medegynyaeth y hynny; a gwedy prouer pob keluydyt oe hanadyl y hvn y ssycha y ffynnyhonev argyweidiawdyr. Odena yny yachao hitheu oe iachwidawl vedyglyn: y kymher yny llaw deheu llwyn kelydon ac yny llaw assu idi kedernyt muroed llundein. Pa le bynnac y kerdo hitheu camheu brwnstonawl a wna; y rei a vagant deudyblic fflam. Y mwc hwnnw agyffre gwyr Rodwm; ac awna bwyd yr rei a dan ymor oed. O druennon dagreuoed y llithyrir hitheu;Fol. 65 ac o arruthyr diaspat y llenwir yr ynys. Y karw dec geing alad honno; y pedwar onadunt aarwedant coronev eur. E chwech ereill a ymchweilir yn gyrn buffleit. y rei agyffroant teir ynys brydein oc ev ysgymvn ssein. Yna y ssychir llwyn danet; ac o dynyawl llef gan ymdorri y llefhaa. Dynessa kymre agwasc kernyw wrth dy ystlys; a dywet y gaer wynt ydaear ath llwng. Symmvd eistedua y bugeil yr lle ydisgyn llongheu; ac ymlyneint yr aylodeu ereill y penn. Canys y dyd avryssia yn yr hwnn ydyballant y rei dinessit anudonul. Gwynder y gwlan a argyweda; ac amrauaylder lliw y rei hynny. Gwae hi yr anudonul genedyl; canys caer arderchawc adigwyd oe hachos. Llawenhau a wna y llongheu or veint achwanec; ac vn o deu peth a vyd. Draynawc gorththrwm o aualeu a adeilia honno o newyd; wrth arogleu y rei hynny yd ehedant adar amrauaylion llwyneu. Ford diruaur llyss a gyrch; ac o chwechant twr ykedernheir. Wrth hynny y kynghorvynha llundein; ay mvroed a achwanecka yn dri dyblic. Temys ay kyllchyna o bobparth; a chwedleu y gweithredoed hynny agerdant vynheu. Cudiaw yndi awna ydraynawc y aualeu; a gwneithur ford idaw a dan ydayar. En yr amser hwnnw ydyweit y mein: ar mor ykerdir y freinc arnaw agyuynghir o hir yspeit. Yam y dwy lan id ymglywant y dynyon: achedernyt yr ynys ahwyheir. Yna y menegir dirgelwch y moroed; a freinc rac ovyn a ergryna. Gwedy hyn ny o lwyn calatir y kerda krehir;Fol. 65v yr honn agylchy[na] yr ynys dwy vlyned. O nossawl lleuein y geiliw yr adar; a phob kenedil ederyn agedymeithockaa. idi. En niwyll y rei marwawl y kyffroant; a holl grawn yr yd alynghant. Odena y daw newin yr bobil; yn ol y newin girat angheu. Pan orffwisso y veint anghyfnerth honno; y kyrch yr edyn en ryved hwnnw glyn galabes. Ac yna y dyrcha y vynyd goruchel; ymphenn hwnnw y planha dar. ac yny cheingheu y gwna y nyth. Tri wy a deidiw yn y nyth; or rei y daw llwynawc. ableid. ac arth. E llwynawc a lwng y vam; ac adwc penn assen arnaw. Wrth hynny yd ymdengis y kymeredic ac aaruthra y vrodir gan ev hymlid yn nordmandi ar ffo. A gwedy ydyffrowynt y baed ysgithrawc yd ymchweylant o vordwy y gyt kerdet ar llwynawc. Pan el ynteu y wneithur cad went yd ymwna yn varw; ac enwired y baed ay kyffroha. Eny lle y kyrch ynteu y gelyn aphan del evch y ben y chwyt ynteu yn y lygeit ef ay wyneb. Sef awna y llwinawc heb ebryuygu y gnottahedic vrat; temigiaw y droed assu idaw ay diwreidiaw oll oe gorff. Enteu awna neidiaw ac ysglyneit y glust deheu yr llwynawc ay lysgwrn; ac yngogoveu y mynyded yd ymdirgela. Wrth hynny ybaed twilledic ageis y bleid ar arth y eduryt idaw y golledigion ailodeu. E rei gwedy ydelwynt yn dadleu a adauwant idaw deu droed y llwynawc ay glust ay losgwrn. ac or rei hynny y gwneir aylodeu hwch idaw. Ynteu aorffowis ac a ery edvryt idaw y edewit. Yn hynny y disgyn y llwynawc or mynyded;Fol. 66 ac a ymritha yn vleid. amegis y bythei. idaw ymdidan ar baed; yn ystrywis ef ay llwng oll. Odena yd ymritha yn vaed; a megis heb aylodeu yd erhy ef ygevinderiw. A gwedy ydelhwynt attaw: o deissyuyt deint y llad wynt. ac o ben y llew y coronheir. En dydieu hwnnw y genir y ssarph a ymdewynnic o angheu y rei marwaul. Oy hyt ef y kyllchynir llundein; ac a el heibiaw alwng. Ych mynydawl agymher pen bleid; ay danhet a wynhaa yngeveil hafuren. Ef a gedymeithia idaw kynnveinioed yr alban a chymry; y rei assychant avon temys oe hyuet. Er assen a eiliw y boch barf hir: ac asymmvt furyf hwnnw. Irllonhau awna y mynydawl galwedic bleid; achyrn y tarw atemhickia yndunt. Gwedy ymadeuho ymrodi ycreulonder yllwng ef ev kic ac ev hesgyrn; ac ymphen mynyd urian yllosgir. Gwreichion y gynheu asymudir yn eleirch; y rei a noviant yny ssych megys ynyr avonid. Ypysgawt a lynghant yny pysgawt; ar dynion adraflynghant yny dynion. Wrth heneint yrei y gwneir lleuver adan y mor; ac wynt a luniant bredycheu adan ymoroed. Yllongheu assodant; ac aryant nyt bychan agynullant. Eilweith y llithyr temys ac yn y bwynt alwedigion avonyd eithyr tervyn y kanawl y kerda. Y cayroed nessaf a gud; ar mynydoed gwrthwynebus adrossa. Ydaw y gobryn ffynhawn galabes yn llawn o vrat ac enwired. O honno y genir ybredycheu y alw ygweyndyt yr ymladeu. Keder nyd y llwyneu agydwedant gyt ar elecheu;Fol. 66v y gan y deheuwyr y kytherdet. Bran agyrch gyd ar barcuttanod; a chorfforoed y lladedigion alwng. Ar muroed caer loew y nythaha ttulluan. ac yny nyth ef y crehir assen. Hwnnw a vag ssarph maluern; ac yn llawer ovredycheu y kitkiffroha. Kymeredic y teyrn wialen id esgyn goruchelder; ac o aruthyr datseyn yd aruthra pobil y wlat. En dydieu hwnnw ysymudant y mynyded; ac yd yspeilir y kymhydeu oc eu llwyneu. Canys daw pryf tanawl y anhadil; yr hwnn a lysg y gwyd yny bo gwrthladedic y gwlybwr. O hwnnw y kerda sseith llew; a phenneu bwchot dybryt. Drewiant o froineu y gwraged alygrant. ar rei priawt yn gyffredyn ygwnant. Ni wybyd y tat y mab priawd; canys o deuawd yr anyueilieit y rewydant. Wrth hynny ydaw cawr yr enwired; yr hwnn adrwywana paub o lymder y lygeit. Yn erbyn hwnnw y kyuyd dreic caer. vyrangon; ac agadarnhaa y distriw. Ac yna y gwneir kyt kerdediat ac y gorchvygir ydreic; aco enwired y budugawl ykyuerssengir ef. Canys esgynnv ydreic awna; ac yny bo diodedic y wisg yd eisted yn noeth. Hwnnw a lewhaa a dan emunogeu ydreic; ac a mayd oe dyrchauedic llosgwrn y noethedic. Eilweith yr atkymher drech y cawr; ac achledyf y briw gorcharuanev hwnnw. Ene diwed y plygir y dreic adan y losgwrn; ar gwennwynic a varwhaa. En ol hwnnw ydaw baed tottyneis; ac o greulawn llwybyr y kyuarssangha y bobyl. Caer loew adyrcheif llew; yr hwnn a varchocka yn llawer o vrwidreu drwy irlloned.Fol. 67 Hwnnw assathyr adan ydraet; ac o agoredigion gorcharuaneu ytrwywenir. Eny diwed yllew a dadleu ay deyrnas; a chevyn y bonhedigion a esgyn. Ar hynny y daw tarw y dadleu; ac a derhy yllew ay droet deheu. Hwnnw a dielwa annyhvndeb drwy yr ynys; ay gyrn a vriw yn muroed excestyr. Llwynawc caer duball adial y llew; ac ay treuyliha oll ae danhet. Neidyr caer lincoll adamgylchyna y llwynawc; ac yngwid honno allawer o dreigieu y dengys y haruthyr chwibanat. Odena yd ymchweilant ydreigeu: ar neill a vriw y llall. Er edeyniawc a gyuarssangha y honn heb adaned; ac aweisg y hewined wenwinic yny geunoed. Ereill a deuwant yr ymmrysson; ar neill alad yllall. E pymphet anessaa yr lladedigion; ar gwedillion o amraylion angheuoed a vriw. Ef a esgyn kefyn vn; ac a chledyf ygwahana y penn ywrth y corff. E diodedic wisg a esgyn arall; ay deheu avwrw y llwsgwrn llwm. Ar hwnnw yd ymdyrcheif y noeth; pryd na allei dygrynhoi yn wisgawc. Ereill aboenha iar y kefyn; ac yngkronder y deyrnas y kymhell. Odena y daw llew ofnawc; o diruawr diwalrwit. Teir pympran a dwc yn vn: ac ef ehwnn awledycha ybobil. Cawr aymdywynnycka kyn wynnet alliw eiry; aphobil gwynn a blodeuha. Tlysseu ytywyssogion a datkanant: ar darystynghedigion a ssymudir yn dybryt brwidreu. Eny rei hynny y genir llew: hwydedic o dynyawl greu; Adan hwnnw y dodir y crymaneu yn yr yd: yr hwn tra llauurio oe vryt y gyuerssenghir y ganthaw.Fol. 67v E rei hynny ahedycha kertweinwyr caer efurawc; ar gwrthladedic arglwid a esgyn ykerbyd a dywyssha. Ar dynhiat y gledyf y pygythia y dwirein: ac oleu y olwineu ef a lenwir o waet. O dena ybyd pisgawd yny mor: yr hwnn o at alwedic chwibanat y neidr. y kyttia gyta hwnnw. O dena y genir tri tharw echdywynedic; y rei a ymchweiler yn wyd gwedy treulwynt ev poruehit. E kyntaf a arwed ffrowill gwennwinic; ac y wrth yganedic gwedy ef y trossa y gevin. Dwyn y frowill i ganthaw alauuriant wynteu; ac ygan yr eithaf yd emendehir. Dychwelut wynebeu pob vn ywrth ygilid awnant; yny bwriwynt y ffiol wennwinic. Er rei hynny ydynessa dywylliawdyr yr alban; yr hwnn adebic oe gevyn yn ssarph. Hwnnw a wackaa ymchwelud ydywarchen; ac ydeu ywlat awynnant. Y ssarph alauuria gordineu gwenwyn: val na del llyssieu yn yr ydeu. O angheuawl dymhestyl y diffic ybobil; a muroed y dinessyt adivehir. Caer loew a rodir yn vedeginiaeth: yr honn y merch vaeth a gwssyt y rwng neb a ffrowyllo. Canys mantawl medeginiaeth aarwed: ac ar virr yr ynys aat newidhaa. Odena deu a ymlynant y deyrn wialen; y rei a wassnaitha y corunawc dreic. Ef adaw arall mewn hayarn; ac a varchocka y ssarff a ehetto. Y noethedic corff yd eisted ar y gevyn; ac a vwrw ydeheu oy lysgwrn. Lleff hwnnw adiffre ymoroed; ar eil avwrw y ovyn. O dena yr eil agedymeithockaa yr llew; ac o gynnyrch dadleu gytkerdet awnant. O symudedigion aeruaeu echwyn a varwhaa; ac ysgwell diwalder dybryt. Odena ydaw nebun mewn tympan athelyn;Fol. 68 ac aglaerhaa diwalder yllew. Wrth hynny y tagnauedant kenedloed y deyrnas: ac ygalwant y llew yr vantawl. Yny kiflehedic eistedua yd ystudia yr pwisseu; ay dwilaw a estin yr alban. Wrth hynny y tristahant kymydeu y gogled; a drysseu ytempleu adanllewychant. Eserennawl vleid agyflocka kedymeithasseu; ay lysgwrn ef adamgilchy kernyw. Yhwnnw y gwrthneppa y marchawc yny kerbyd: yr hwnn assymud ybobil ef yn vaed. Wrth hynny y baed a diffeithia y kymydeu; ac yn dyuynder hafren yd ymdirgela y ben. Dyn adamblygir y llew yn win: alleuchaden yr eur a dalla llygeit yr edreichieit. Er aryant awynnha yny amgillch; ac amrauaelion bryssureu a vlinhaa. Yn llywiodraeth y gwin ybrwisgir y rei marwawl; a gwedy gossotto y nef ynydaear yr edrychant. Wyneb yssyr adrossant ywrth y rei hynny: ac ev gnottahedic rydec adistriwyant. Y rei irllonyon a lossgant yr ydeu; ar kyt rwymedic gwlybwr a neckehir. Y gwreidieu ar kangheu gweithieu assymudant: a newydder y petheu hynny a vyd anryuedawd. Ymdywynwgrwid yr heul a nycha lectrin mercurius: ac ybyd arruthyr yr edreichieit. Stilbon assymud taryan archadie; a venus a eiliw helmp y gan mars. Helmp mars agymysg yr wybyr: kyndaret mercurius agerda yderuyneu. Orion hayarnawl a noetha y gledyf: ar morawl heul avlinhaa yr wybyr. Jubiter a gerda y ganyadedigion llwybreu; a venus a edeu y gossodedigion llinnieu. O seren yssadwrn ydigwid kyghorvynt;Fol. 68v ac achrymaneu krymion yllad y rei marwawl. Riuedi deu chwech o dey y ssyr; a gwyn traws rydec val y lletty wyr. Annyan gemini aadauwant yn ellwnghedigion; ar kelwrn a irllonant yny ffynhonyev. Penhegen y bunt adybynnant yn ebryvygedic: yny dotto y maharen y grwmhion gyrn iadanaw. Llossgwrn yscorpiwn a greha lleuchadeneu; ar cranc a dadleu ar heul. Y wyry a esgyn kevyn y sseithit; ar gwerynolion blodeu a wineuha. Kerbyd y lluat agynhyrua zodiacum: ac yn wylouein y torrant pliades. Nit ymchweil neb y wassanaeth iani; namyn yngogoueu y drws caeat yd ymdirgela adrianus. Yn dyrnawt y peleidir ykyuodant y moroed; ar y lw henn aatnewidhaa. E gwynnoed a ymvriwant o girat chwythiat: ac agymysgant ssein [y rwng] y ssyr.

Ac yna gwedy daruot y verdin traethu yr anodun broffwidoliaeth honno. Ryuedu hynny a oruc pawb or ay gwarandawassei meint oed ssynnwir y gwas ieuang. Sef y gouynnawd gortheyrn y verdin pa angheu ay dygei ef. Ac yna y dywat Merdyn wrth Gortheyrn: gochel di tan meibion custennyn osgelly. canys ydunt yr awr honn yn lledu ev hwilieu ardraeth llydaw yn dyuot y ynys brydein y ymlad asaesson. Ac wynt aoresgynnant y bobyl ysgymvn honno. Ac yn gyntaf wynt ath losgant di y mewn twr. canys ti di oth twyll ath dryc ystriw avredycheist ev tad wynt: ac ev brawd. ac awahodeist ymma yr keisiau nerth y ganthunt. sef ymae hynny yn amhorth ytt hediw. canys deu angheu yssyd yth ogyuadaw.Fol. 69 nyt amgen nor saesson yssyt yn goresgyn arnat; ac auory ydaw emreis ac vthyr yn duhvn ydraeth totneis yr tir. Ac wynt a gochant wynebeu y saesson oc ev gwaet. A gwedy yllader hengyst y coronheir emreis wledic; ar emreis hwnnw a wledycha y gwladoed ac a atnewydhaa yr eglwisseu. ac or diwet agwenwyn y lledir. Ac yny ol ynteu y coronheir vthyr y vraut ahwnnw heuyt a gwenwyn ylledir. ahynny odwyll ac ystryw ysaesson. Ac yn ol hwnnw ydaw baed kernyw a hwnnw ay llwng wynt oll. Ac ny bu hwy nogid hyt trannoeth yny doeth emreis ac vthyr adengmil o varchogyon aruawc ganthunt ydir ynys brydeyn. Aphan uu honneit ev dyuot; ymgynullaw a oruc yr holl bryttannyeit yn duhun y dyuot ar emreis a gwrhau idaw.

Ac yna y kymyrth Emreis coron y deyrnas ac ykyssegrwyd ef yn vrenhin. Ac yna ymgynghor aoruc pa beth kyntaf a wnay; ay kyrchu gortheyrn ay kyrchu y saesson. Sef y cauas yny gynghor mynet am ben gortheyrn y tu achymre. A gwedy ev dyuot hyt yn erging. kyrchu castell Goronw a orugant arben mynyd deu arth ar lan gwy avon adaw o vynyd klorach. canys hyt yno y ffoassei gortheyrn. Agwedy eu dyuot yno: dwyn ar gof a orugant idaw ry lad ev tat ac ev brawd. adwyn saesson baganieit ysgymhvn twillyrieit bradwyr y ynys brydein. Ac wrth hynny heb ef o wyrda ymledwch yn duhun diueiriawc ar castell rackw. Ac yn diannot dodi tan aorugant yngkylch o gilch yr castell ay llosgi ac a oed yndi o da a dynion. ac y llas gortheyrn ac y llosgat. Oet er arglwyd oed pan anet sant freit.Fol. 69v c.c.c.c.lx.iij. blyned. Aphan gigleu hengyst ry lad gortheyrn ovynhau a oruc. canis klywyssei nat oed yn freinc dyn a allei diodef ydyrnawt gan emreis heb angheu. Ac y gyt hynny; hael oed adoeth achyviawn a buchedawl athrugarawc. Sef aoruc y saesson yna rac ovyn emreis ffo yny uuant ytu arall y hvmyr. ac yna ymgadarnhau aphresswyliaw. Pan gigleu emreis hynny; ef a aeth ay lu yn duhvn yn ev hol. Ac y bu drwc ganthaw gwelet yr eglwisseu gwedy ev distriw or saesson. Adywedut a oruc drwy nerth duw odelei yn vyw drachevin. y parei ef gwneithur yr eglwisseu val y buessynt oreu. Pan gigleu hengist ry dyuot emreis; annoc y wyr y ymlad yn wrawl aoruc. adywedut vdunt nad oed vawr gallu emreis o varchogyon llydaw. ac nad oed arnadunt wynteu ovyn ybryttanieit canys yttoedynt deu can Mil o wyr aruawc. Ac yno ydoethant yr lle e elwir Maes beli ar vedwl dwyn kyrch dissyvyd o dwill am ben emreis. Ac yr hynny ny ochelawd emreis y lle hwnnw. A gwedy ev dyuot yno bydinaw a orugant. a rodi gwyr llydaw ar neilltu. ay wyr ynteu ehvn blith drafflith acwynt. Agossot a oruc gwyr dyuet ar ben brynnieu gan ev hystlys. A gwyr gwyned yny coet ger ev llaw. val y gallei emreis ay lu ymlit y saesson pa ford bynnac y ffoeint. Ac or tu arall ydoed hengist yn annoc y wyr ynteu ac yn ev dysgu. ac yna y llas llawer o bop tu. Ac or diwet y ffoas hengist ay wyr hyt yn lle ygelwit caer gynan. amynet yno mewn castell.Fol. 70 Ac ev hymlit aoruc emreis gan ev llad val ymordiwedei ac wynt. Ac yna eilweith ymvydinaw aorugant allad llawer o bop tu. ac or diwed y doeth bydin gwyr llydaw yr saesson. ac ev tyllu ac ev gwasgaru. drwi dysc y gwyr pennaf onadunt. Ac idoed eidol iarll caer loew yn ymgeissiaw a hengist y ymgyhwrd ac ef. Ac yny diwet yd ymgaffant yll deu; ac ymfust yn greulon a orugant yny welit ytan oc ev harveu megis mellt lleuchadenawl ymlaen taran. Ac val y bydynt uelly; ynychaf gorleis iarll ay vydin yn dyuot attadunt. ac yn diannot gwasgaru y saesson. Sef aoruc eidol yna o hyder hynny; kymryt hengist erbyn baryfle y benfestin ay dwyn hyt ympheruet y vydin ehvn. ac o hyt y lef dywedut aoruc. kyuerssenghwch weithion ysaesson neur oruuwit arnadunt. canys caffat hengist. Ac o hynny allan ffo a oruc y saesson. ac odena y ffoas Octa vab hengist. a rann vaur or llu: hyt yngkaer efrawc. Ac ossa y gevynderw a rann arall or llu: a ffoassant hyt yngkaer alklut. ac yna ymerbynieit ac emreis. ¶ Agwedy goruot o emreis arnadunt; ef agauas y gaer. ac yna ybu tri dieu. yn peri cladu y calaned aledessit yny anghen ef. amedeginaethu y rei brathedic. a bwrw ev lludet wynteu. Ac yna yd aeth emreis y gymryt kynghor am hengist. Ac yd oed yny gynghor yna eidal escop caer loew. braud oed hwnnw y eidol iarll caer loew. Aphan welas hwnnw hengist yn sseuyll ydywat ha wyrda hep ef:Fol. 70v pei eruynnei pawb ohonawch rydhau hengist. Mi ay lladwn vy hvn ef. Mal y gwnaeth Samuel brophwit pan welas agas brenhin amalech yngkarchar. ef aberis y drylliaw yn van dryllieu. adywedut wrthaw val hynn. val y gwneithosti y meibion heb ev mamev: minneu a wnaf dy vam ditheu hep vab. Ac yna y kymyrth eidol iarll caer loew hengist a mynet ac ef odieithyr y gaer yben brin aoed agos yr dinas. Ac yno yllas ac y clathpwyt. agwneithur cruc mawr ar y warthaf. val yd oed devawt yna yn lle y cledit ssowdan. Ac odena yd aeth emreis ay lu hyt yngkaer efrauc y geisiaw octa. Ac yna o gynghor y oreugwyr y kymerassant cadwyn yn llaw pob vn onadunt. athamheit obrid ymphen pob vn onadunt. a mynet velly yn ewyllys emreis. Adywedut wrthaw val hynn. Arglwyd vrenhin heb wynt gorchyuygedic yw an dwyweu ni. Ac ny phedrusswn ny: vod awch duw chwi yn gwledychu. yr hwnn yssyd yn kymhell yr ssawl vonhedigion hyn yn dy ewyllys di; yn yr agwed hon. Allyma ni ni arglwyd a chadwyn yn llaw pob vn ohonam. ac yn gymunawl. Aphar arglwyd an rwymaw os mynne. Ac yna yd aeth emreis y gymryt ygynghor amdanadunt. Ac yna y kyuodes eidal escop. a dywedut val hyn. E gobonite adoethant oc ev bod ev hvnn; y erchi trugared. ybobyl yr israel. acwynt ay caussant. ac ny byd gwaeth an trugaret nynheu nor hwnn yr ideon. Ac yna y rodet kyngkreir y octa ac yr oll bobyl a oed gyd ac ef.Fol. 71 Ac yna y rodes emreis vdunt ysgotlont y bresswiliaw yndi a dan dragywydawl geithiwet y emreis ay etiuedyon. ac velly ytangnauedwyt wynt. Agwedy goruot o emreis ar pob peth. dyvynnv a oruc attaw hyt yng kaer efrauc; y holl ieirll. ay varwnieit. ay archesgyp. ay esgyp. y ymgynghor ac wynt. Achyntaf kynghor a gaussant; peri kyweiriaw yr eglwisseu adistriwassei y saesson. dros wyneb y deyrnas. a hynny oll ar gost emreis. Ar pymthecuet dyt gwedy hynny yd aeth ef hyt yn llundein. ac yno yperis ef atnewydhau yr eglwisseu. ar kyureithieu drwc a ottoydit yn ev kynnal. nyt amgen no rodi yr meibion. ar wyrion. ar gorwyrion. ev gwir dylyet. odiroed a deiryd adylyeint. ac adaroed ev treissiaw amdanaw. achynnal gwirioned a oruc ymphob lle; a chyvyawnder. Ac odyno yd aeth emreis hyt yngkaer wynt; y wneithur yno val y gwnathoed ymphop lle. Agwedy daruot idaw llunyethu pob lle yno; ay hedychu. ef aaeth hyt yn salesburie. y edrech yno y niver abarassei hengist ev llad drwy y dwyll. o [ieirll*] abarwnieit a marchogion vrdolion. A thry chant manach a oed yna o gouent yn manachloc ambri. canys ambri a sseiliawd gyntaf y vanachloc honno. Agwedy menegi yr brenhin yn llwyr damchwein y dyledogion ry ledessit yno; tost uu ganthaw. ac am weled y lle honno mor diadurn ac y gwelei. Ac yna dyvynnv aoruc attaw holl sseiri mein ynys brydein ar rei prenn. y dechmygu gweith adurn parhaus; a safei yn dragywydawl wch penn y vedrawd honno.Fol. 71v Agwedy pallu ev holl ethrylith ganthunt. y doeth tramor archescop caer llion at emreis. adywedut ual hynn. Arglwyd hep ef par geisiaw attat Merdyn bard gortheyrn. ahwnnw arglwyd a dechymhic gweith anryued adurn o anniffic ethrylith a parhao tragywydolder. Ac yna yperis emreis keisiaw Merdyn ymphop lle; ac y cat ef ar lan fynhawn galabes yngwlat Euas canis yno y mynychei yr amser hwnnw vod. A gwedy y dwyn ger bron y brenhin; llawen uu yr brenhin wrthaw. ay derbynnieit yn enrydedus. Ac yna yd erchis emreis idaw dywedud daroganheu a delei rac llaw. Ac yna y dywat Merdyn; arglwyd hep ef. nyd yawn traethu oryw betheu hynny ony bei anghenreit. ac os dywettwn arglwyd; pan vei reit ym wrth yr yspryt yssyd ym dysgu. ef affoei iwrthyf. Ac yna ny mynnawd y brenhin ydiriaw hwy no hynny. namyn govyn idaw pa weith a ellit y dechmygu yno wch pen y vedrawt abarhaei yn dragywydawl. Sef y kynghoras Merdyn yna; mynet hyt yn Iwerdon lle gelwyd cor ykewri ar mynyd kilara. canys yno ydoed mein anryued eu hansawd. ac nyd oes arglwyd yn yr oes honn neb awoyppo dim iwrth y mein hynny. ac ny cheffir wynt o gedernyt nac o gryfder; onyd ogeluydit. aphebythei y mein hynny ymha val y maen yno; wynt asseuynt yn dragywydawl. Ac yna y dywat emreis drwy chwerthin pa ansawd heb ef y gellit ev dwyn wynt odyno.Fol. 72 Ac yno ydywat Merdyn na chyffro di arglwyd ar chwerthin nac ar wattwar; canys ny dywedaf vi namyn prudder agwirioned. Mein rinwedaul yw yr mein. ac amrauaeilion medeginiaetheu arnadunt. a chewri ay duc wynt gynt hyt yno. o eithauyon yr yspaen. ac ay rodassant yny mod y maent yno. Sef achos y dugant wynt yno. pan delei heint ar vn onadunt. Sef ygwneynt enneint yngkymherued y mein. ac yna y golchit y mein. ac ydodit y dwfyr hwnnw yn yr enneint. ar neb a vei glaf onadunt; o ba heint bynnac y bei. iechyt agaffei o vynet yr enneint. A llyssieu arodeynt yn yr enneint. ac ar llyssieu hynny yd iecheynt ev gwelioed. Aphan gigleu y bruttannieit rinwedeu y mein; annoc aoruc paub eu keisiaw. ac yn diannot yd aethant ygeisiaw yr mein pymtheng mil o wyr aruawc. ac vthyr yn bennaf arnadunt. a Merdyn gyt ac wynt canys oed oreu y ethrylith yn vn oes ac ef. Sef oed yna yn vrenhin yn iwerdon gillamwri. aphan gigleu gillamwri. bod llynghes ar vor iwerdon; kynullaw llu a oruc a dyuot yn erbyn ybryttannieit. ac anvon attadunt a govyn ydunt ystyr ev dyuodiat yno. A phan wybu ystyr ev neges chwerthin a oruc adywedut: nyt ryued heb ef gallu o genedil lesg gyuarssanghu ynys brydein canys ynvyt ynt. pan deleynt hyt yn iwerdon y beri y genedyl iwerdon ymlad ac wynt am gerric. Ac yn diannot ym gyrchu aorugant ac ymlat yn greulon.Fol. 72v allad llawer or gwidil. agyrru gillamwri ar ffo ac a dienghis oe wyr. Ac yn diannot mynet a oruc y bryttannyeit hyt yn lle yd oed mein. Ac yna y dywat Merdyn wrthunt. aruerwch weithion or geluydit goreu a wyppoch ydwyn y mein ymeith odymha. Agwedy aruer o bawp onadunt herwit y ethrylith; hep dygrynhoi dim ydunt. Chwerthin a oruc Merdyn adywedut. Llymha dewynnic ymae trech keluydit no chedernit. Ac hep lauur yny byd arnaw; onyt y anodun ethrylith ehvn. dwyn y mein aoruc or lle yd oedynt yny uuant yny llongheu. ac or llongheu dyuot yn hyrrwid ac wynt hyt yn mynyd ambri. Ac yna dyvynnv a oruc emreis hyt yno a oed o Jarll. abarwn. a marchoc vrdaul. ac ysgolheic urdasseid. wrth adurnaw y lle hwnnw o odidawc adurn. Ac yna y gwisgawd emreis coron y dyrnas am y benn. ac yna y goruc gwillua y sulgwyn. yn vrdasseid vrenhinawl tri dieu ar vntu. ac yrodes emreis gwir a iawn i bawp oe wir dylyet o ynys brydein. a rynghu bod ybawb o veint y gyuarws. val y gwedei ydaw. o eur ac aryant. ameirch ac arueu. a thir a dayar. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed deu archescopty yn wac. nyt amgen caer llion. a chaer effrawc. Sef y rodat yna o dyhvndeb e niver hwnnw y wr a elwit sampson arch escobot caer effrawc. Ac y divric arch escobot caer llion ar wysc. Agwedy llvnniethu yno pob peth; yd erchis emreis y verdyn dyrchauael y mein val ydoedynt yngkilara. A Merdyn ae dyrchevis wynt. Ac yna yd adnabu paub bod yn drech ethrylith achywreinrwit; nogid nerth achryfder.Fol. 73 Ac yn yr amser hwnnw yd oed Pasgen vab gortheyrn gwedy yr ffo hyt yn germania. ac yna kynullaw llu a oruc agauas vwyaf. y dyuot am ben emreis hyt yn ynys brydeyn. ac adav pob da vdunt yr hynny. A chredu pasgen a oruc gwyr germania. adyuot gyt ac ef aneirif o lynghesseu hyt yn ynys brydeyn. a dechreu anreithiaw. Aphan gigleu emreis hynny; kynullaw llu aoruc a dyuot yn erbyn pasgen ay lu. ac ev gyrru ar ffo yn gywilydus hyt yn iwerdon. Ac yna yd oed gillamwri yn vrenhyn yn iwerdon. a llawen uu hwnnw vrth pasgen. a chwinaw a oruc pob vn onadunt vrth y gilid rac meibion custennin. Ac yna kytduhunaw a orugant ylldeu y gyt a dyuot a llynghesseu ganthunt y vyniw i dir. a dechreu anreithiaw. Aphan gigleu vthyr hynny argysswr mawr oed arnaw: canys oed glaf emreis y vraud yngkaer wint. Ac nat oed ganthaw ynteu o niver val y gallei ymerbynieit a phasgen ac a gillamwri heuyt. A phan gigleu y deu wr hynny bot emreis yn glaf llawen uu ganthunt. o dybygu gallu goruot ar vthyr ehvn. Athra ottoydit yn hynny. Sef aoruc vn or saesson; eppa oed yhenw. dyuot ar pasgen a gouyn idaw pa veint arodei ef o da yr neb awnelei angheu emreis. Mi arodwn heb ef Mil o bvnnoed. am kedymeithas inheu tra vythwn vyw. Ac obythwn vrenhin; mi ay hanrededwn o dir adayar val ybythei vodlawn. Ac yna ydywat eppa; mi a won ieith y bryttannyeit ac ev moes. ac a wnn medeginiaeth. ac amhyny doro ym gedernit ar er hynn ydwyt yny adaw.Fol. 73v amynheu a wnaf i angheu ef. Ac yna ymgadarnhau a orugant. Ac yno yperis eppa eilliaw yben ay varyf yn vn dywygiat a manach. ac yny drech hwnnw y doeth ef parth a llys emreis ac offer medic ganthaw. ac ymdangos a oruc y rei o wyr y llys: amenegi y vod yn vedic da. Ac ny damunyt yno: namyn caffel medic da. A menegi hynny a wnaethpwyt y emreis. Ac yn diannot ydoeth hyt ar emreis. Ac ar hynt darparu diawt aoruc idaw arodi gwenwyn yndi. Ac yny lle yvet y diawt a oruc emreis; ay gynghori or twyllwr ysgymvn. y orffowis ac ylechu val y bei gynt y trwiwanei y gwenwyn ef. Ac yny le ymlithraw aoruc eppa or llys ymeith. Ac yna yd ymdangosses sseren anryued y meint. ac vn paladyr idi. ac ar ben y paladyr hwnnw yd oed pellen o dan ar lun dreic. ac o eneu y dreic honno yd oed dev baladyr yn kerdet. ar neill onadunt awelit yn ystynnv dros eithauioed freinc. Ar paladyr arall a welit dros iwerdon. ac yn ymrannv yn sseith paladyr bychein. Aphan yr ymdangosses y sseren honno; ovyn mawr agymyrth pawb or ay gwelas arnaw. Ac yna y peris vthyr dyvynnv attaw y holl doethion. agovyn ydunt pa beth a arwidockae y sseren honno. Ac yna wylaw a oruc Merdyn adywedut. O golletheb allu yhennill o genedyl y bryttannyeit trymhaf yw hwnn. canis ewch wedw o emreis wledic. Ac nyt ywch wedw o vrenhin arall; canys tydi arderchawc vthyr bendragon yssyt vrenhyn. Ac wrth hynny bryssia di y ymlat ath elynhion. a thi a oruydy arnad unt. ac avyde mediannvs ar gwbyl or ynys.Fol. 74 A thidi a arwidockaa y sseren a welssawch. ardreic tanawl adanei. ar paladyr a ymystynhawd dros freinc. a arwydockaa mab ytti arglwid. ac ef a oresgyn llawer or byt. ar paladyr arall aarwydockaa merch a vyd ytt. a meibion honno ay hwyrion a vyd eidunt ynys brydeyn ol yn ol. Sef a oruc vthyr yna kyt bei pedrus ganthaw a dywedassei verdyn idaw. kyrchu y elynnion aoruc ac ymlad yn llidiawc. allad llawer o bop tu. ac or diwet vthyr a oruu: agyrru gillamwri aphasgen ar ffo hyt ev llongheu ac yr mor gan llad ev gwyr val y gordiwedit wynt. A gwedyr uudugoliaeth honno; yd aeth vthyr hyt yngkaer wynt vrth varuuolaeth emreis y vraut. Ac yno y doeth yr archesgyb. ar esgyp. ar abbadeu. ar yscolheigion anrydedus. or holl ynys. ac yna y clatpwyt ef ger llaw manachloc ambri o vewn y gor y kewri. A gwedy cladu emreis y gwahodes vthyr hynny o niveroed y gyt ac ef. ac o gyt kynghor hynny o wyrda; y detholet vthyr yn vrenhin.

Ac yna gwedy vrdaw Vthyr yn vrenhyn ydoeth cof idaw yr hynn a dywat Merdyn am y sseren. Ac yna y peris vthyr delw dwy dreic o eur. ar y llun ygwelssei ar ben y paladyr. o anniffic kywreinrwyt. ac vn or delweu hynny a rodes ef yr eglwis pennaf yngkaer wynt. ar llall a beris ef y bot oe vlaen ef e hvnn. pan elei y gyffrangheu. Ac o hynny allan y gelwid ef yn vthyr bendragon. Sef aoruc octa vab hengist. ac ossa y gevynderw gwedy marw emreis;Fol. 74v gwahawd pasgen attadunt ac (a) allassant vwyaf o ymladwyr. ac anvon hyt yn germania y geisiaw nerth attadunt. canys oedynt ryd or aruoll arodessynt y emreis. Agwedy kynullaw aneirif o bobyloed attadunt; goresgyn y gwledyt aorugant hyt yngkaer efrawc. Aphan yttoydint yn dechreu ymlat ar dinas; y doeth vthyr ay lu. Ac yno ymlat yngreulon aorugant. agyrru y ssaesson ar ffo. ac ev hymlit or bryttannyeit tra uu dyd yny doethant yr lle ygelwir mynyd damen. alle vchel cadarn oed hwnnw acherric yn amyl. ac yno yffoas y ssaesson y nos honno. Ac yno yd aeth vthyr ygymmryt y gynghor. Ac yno y kyuodes gwrleis iarll kernyw adywedut. Arglwyd heb ef canys llei yw an niuer ny nor eidunt. ar nos yn dywyll. awn yn duhvn am ev penn. any ay caffwn yn rat wynt. Ac y velly y gwnaethant. Agoresgyn penn ymynyt ary ssaesson a llad llawer onadunt. A daly octa. ac ossa. a gwasgaru y lleill oll. Agwedy y uudygoliaeth honno yd aeth vthyr hyt yngkaer alltklut. ac odyna y amgylchynu y holl gyuoeth. a chadarnhau y kyfureithieu. hyt na lauassei neb gwneithur cam yv gilit. Agwedy gwasstattau pob lle. ef a aeth hyt yn llundein. ac a beris yno carcharu octa ac ossa. Ac yno y peris ef darparu gwled vaur yn erbyn y pasc. agwahawd a oed o iarll a barwn a Marchoc vrdawl yn ynys brydeyn. ac ev gwraget ygyt ac wynt. A llawen vu vthyr wrth pawb onadunt. agyssot pawb yeisteu val y raglydynt. Athreulaw y wled a orugant drwy esmwithra adigrifrwch.Fol. 75 Ac yno y dothoed gwrleis iarll kernyw ac eigyr verch amlawd wledic y wreic briawt. ac nyd oed yn ynys brydein na gwreic na morwyn kyn decket a hi. Sef a oruc vthyr yna pan y gwelas enynhv oe chariat. a hep allel argel ar hynny. ac na vynhei vod hebdi yr dim. ac yn diargel anvon idi anregion. agwirodeu gwin mynych. a geirieu ymwys. yny adnabu y gwr hynny. Ar nos honno pan aeth pawb y gysgu; wynt aaethant yw lletty. ac yno y menegis hi yw gwr holl kyvrinacheu adywetdassei y brenhin wrthi. Ac yna llidiaw aoruc gwrlleis; ac o gyt kynghor yd aethant ynos honno y tu acherynw heb cannyat y brenhin. A gwedy menegi yr brenhin hynny; llidiaw aoruc. ac anvon kennat yny ol: y erchi idaw dyuot drachevyn. canys ssarhaet vaur oed idaw adaw y llys heb ganyat. Ac nyd ymchwelei. Ac anvon yr eil gennat. ac ny deuwei. Ac anvon aoruc y drydet gennat gan dynghu; ony deuwei. y digyuoythit ef o dan ahayarn. ac nyt ymchwelawd yr hynny. Ac yn diannot kynullaw llu aoruc vthyr; amynet am ben kernyw. a dechreu llad a llosgi. Sef aoruc gorleis yna canys nat oed o niver ganthaw val y gallei ymherbynnieit ac ef; cadarnhau deu gastell idaw a rodi ywreic yny castell cadarnhaf ssef oed honno castell dindagol ar lan y mor. Ac ynteu ehvn a aeth hyt yngkastell dimlot. rac ev kyuarssanghu y gyd wynt. Agwedy caffayl or brenhin manac pa le yd oed gwrleis; kyrchu yno aoruc. ef ay lu. ac ymlat ar castell yn llidiawc creulon. tri dieu ar vntu. acny digrynhoes dim idaw yr hynny. namyn colli y wyr yn olofrud.Fol. 75v Ac yna y caussan yn ev kynghor kilhiaw y wrth y castell. ac ymrannv yny gylch heb adel neb nac y mewn nac allan. yny vythynt veiriw o newyn. A gwedy ev bot yna wythnos; y gelwis y brenhin attaw Vlffin o ryt garadauc y gedymdeith ay gyt varchauc. a menegi idaw y holl vedwl ay garyat ar eigyr. agovyn y gynghor am hynny. Arglwid heb ef goreu kyghor awun ny galw Merdyn emreis attam a hwnnw a woyr yn gynghori os gwyr neb. Ac yna y dyvynnwyt Merdyn attadunt; ac ymanagwyt idaw ev holl kyfrinacheu. Ac yna y dywat Merdyn arglwid heb ef ny thyckia o gamwri nac o nerth nac o gedernyt keisiav y castell y mae eigyr yndaw. canys ar garrec ar lan ymor ymae. ac nyt oes ford y vynet idaw namyn vn; a thri marchauc ay keidiw rac yr holl vyt. Ac os hynny avynny arglwid. reit yw rodi drech gwrleis arnat. ac ar vlffin drech Jurdan o dindagol anwil y gwrlleis. a mynheu agymeraf drech brithael gwas ystauell gwrleis. Ac ny wybit neb na bo gwrleis ay deu annwil vithom. Ac yna gorchymyn yr llu gwarchadw yngilch y castell yn da. yny deleint wy drachevyn attadunt. Ac yna y ssymvdawt Merdyn ev drech mal y dywetpwit vchot; a mynet hyt ymporth castell dindagol pryt kyflychwr. a menegi yr porthawr vod gwrleis yn y porth. Sef aoruc y porthawr menegi hynny yr arglwides; ac yno dyuot yn ev herbyn a goluat. ac ev derbynnieit yn enrydedus awnaethpwit. ac yny lle or nos yd aethant y gysgu. Ac ymrodi a oruc vthyr yny ffalst drech honno y gyflenwi damvnet ygnawt ar eigyr.Fol. 76 a dywedut idi pan yw yn lledrat ydothoed y ymwelet a hi. ac na allei ef yr dim bod heb dyuot. Achredu a oruc hitheu hynny. Ar nos honno y cavas eigyr beichiogi; ac or beichiogi hwnnw y kat arthur. Agwedy gwibot or llu nat yttoed y brenhyn gyt ac wynt: ymlat aorugant ar gaer y llidiawc heb gymryt kysstlwn ganthunt. Ac yna y doeth gwrleis allan ay wyr y gyt ac ef; ac ymlat ac wynt yn wychyr creulon allad llawer obop tu. Ac yna y llas gwrleis. a gwasgaru y wyr ar ffo ar ny las onadunt. Ac yny lle y menegit y eigyr ry lad gwrleis y harglwid: a chaffael y castell. Ac yna chwerthin a oruc yntev adywedut wrthi: arglwydes hep ef nym llass i ettwa. a rodi cussan idi. Ac am na wydeynt dim y wrthyfi; ymaent yn tybieit vy llad. Ac arglwides heb ef goreu yw yny bo kyntaf yr elom yn ewyllys y brenhyn. canys collassham an gwyr. ac an kedernit. ac na allwn y ymrysson ac ef. ac os y drugared a geisswn; diheu yw gennyf na necky ef nyni. Arglwyd heb hi val y mynech ti gwna. Ac yno y gweleynt y llu yn dyvot ytu ac attadunt. Ac yno ydaeth vthyr ay deu gedymdeith y gyt ac ef hyt ar yllu yn ev drech ev hvn. ac agoryadeu y castell ganthunt. A drwc uu ganthaw o beth llat gwrleis; a da o beth arall. Ac yna y kymyrth vthyr eigyr yn wreic briawt idaw. ac y bu idi ohonaw mab a merch. nyt amgen no gyt arthur ac anna y chwaer. Ac yna y kleuychws vthyr o orthrwm heint. ac y bu yn glaf yn hir. yny digiawd y gwyr a edewit yn gwarchadw octa ac ossa yn llundein.Fol. 76v Ac yna wynt a kyttdyhunassant ar carcharoeon amynet y gyt hyt yn germania. A gwedy menegi hynny y vthyr gorthrwm y kymyrth arnaw. rac ev dyuot o germania drachevyn a nerth ganthunt. y geissiaw goresgyn ynys brydein. A hynny a orugant wynteu. Gwedy caffael ev llynghes yn baraut wynt a doethant yr alban y dir. Adechreu anreithiaw y wlat honno ay llosgi. A gwedy menegi hynny yr brenhyn gorchymyn a oruc y leu vab kynvarch mynet yn dywyssauc llu y ymlad ar saesson. canys oed daw gan verch y vthyr. a gwr mawr telediw doeth huawdyl hael trybelit oed. acharu gwirioned achassahu y kelwid a wnay. A gwedy bot llawer o vrwydreu y ryngthunt. mynych y gorvydei y saesson arnadunt wy. a gweithieu wynteu ar y saesson. yny uu agos yr ynys a mynet yn rewin. A gwedy menegi hynny y vthyr; na allei yr Jarll ystwng y saesson. llidiaw aoruc mwy no messur y diodevei y heint. Ac yna dyvynnv attaw holl wyrda yr ynys. Ac ymliw ac wynt am ev llessget yn erbyn y saesson. Ac yno y peris ef gwneithur gelor idaw. ay dwyn ar honno ymlaen y llu. Sef yducpwyt ef; hyt yn dinas verolam. canys hyt yno ydothoed y saesson paganieit y lad ac y losgi. Pan gigleu Octa ac Ossa bot vthyr yn dyuot ar gelor yn glaf attadunt; llawen a da uu ganthunt. ay gellweiriaw a orugant. o eiriev tremygedic. ay alw yn hanner gwr marw. Amynet a oruc y saesson yr dinas y mewn; ac adaw y pyrth yn agoret. o ysgaylustra a gwattwar am vthyr ay lu.Fol. 77 Pan wybu vthyr hynny yperis yntev mynet yn ev hol ymewn; ac ymlad yn wrawl ac wynt. adamgylchynv ydinas. a llad llawer o bop tu yny uu nos. Athrannoeth y boreu y doeth y saesson allan or gaer; ac ymlad yn greulon arbryttannieit yny uu ymphell yny dyd. ac or diwed eiswis y goruu ybryttannieit. Ac yna y llas octa ac ossa. ac ereill affoas yn waradwydus. Ac yno y kyuodes y brenhyn yny eiste o lewenyd; ac ny allws kyn no hynny. onyt val y troit ef yny wely. a dywedut drwy y chwerthin. y bradwyr ysgymvn twyll wyr. am galwei yn hanner gwr marw; ac ysgwell yr hanner marw a orffo. nor byw y gorffer arnaw. ac ys gwerthuorach merwi yn glotuawr. no buchedockau yn anglod vawr waradwidus. Gwedy y uudugoliaeth honno ygwedillion or saesson a dienghis vchot. a ymgynullassant y gyt. yn yr alban. a dechreu ryuelu val kynt. Ac y mynassei vthyr ev hymlit. ac nysgadei y gynghor idaw rac y glafet. a rac y vriwaw ar yr elor. Ac am hynny gleuwach oed y saesson y volestu arnadunt no chynt. Ac yna medyliaw a oruc y saesson am wneithur angheu vthyr. ac anvon rei onadunt yn rith redussion ychwedleuha y wrthaw. Sef y klywssant nat yvei vthyr diawt namyn dwfyr ffynhawn a oed agos y dinas verolam. Sef a orugant wyntheu gwenwiniaw yffynhawn ay hamgilch. hyt na cheffit dym or dwfyr heb wenwyn yndaw. Ac yna yr awr ac y llawas vthyr y dwfyr y bu varw. ac ef aphawb or ay llawas.

A gwedy gwybot or bryttannyeit hynny ar y ffynnawn;Fol. 77v peri y chau aorugant a mein ac a chalch. a gwneithur kruc mawr o brid ar y gwarthaf rac dyuot dim or dwfyr ohonei. Ac odena mynet a orugant ygladu corf vthyr hyt ynghor y kewri ger llaw emreis y vrawt. sef oed hynny. pedwar cant. ac vn vlwydyn ar dec. aphedwar vgeint. o oed crist. A gwedy gwybot or saesson ry lad vthyr anvon aorugant hyt yn germania y geisiaw nerth y ennyll ynys brydein. Sef y doeth ydunt llynghes vaur a cholcrin yn dywyssawc arnadunt. a goresgyn a orugant yna: o hvmyr hyt ym penryn blathaon. A gwedy gwybot o wyrda ynys brydeyn gorthrymder y saesson; ymgynullaw aorugant y gyt ysgolheigion alleygion hyt yngkaer vudey y ymgynghor am y saesson. Ac yna y caussant yn ev kynghor vrdaw arthur yn vrenhyn. a hynny rac diruawr govit. canis nyt oed o oedran y arthur yna onyt pymtheng mlwyd. Nyt oed hagen hyt y klywit dyn vn gampeu ac ef; canys hael oed. a doeth. a dewr. a digryf. allawen pan vei amser; aphrut pan vei reit idaw. ac ar vyrder yn wir. ac yn gryno. Ni oruc duw gwedy y naw nyn a wnaethpwyt o adaf vn dyn kyn gwpplet ac arthur o gampeu da. a hynny arodes duw idaw yny aenedic dawn. Ac nyt yttoed arthur yn gordiwes o da eluyd a rodei; canys ny adei ef neb yn llau wac y wrthaw. or adelei yervyn da attaw. Aphwy bynnac ybo yndaw daeoni anyanawl: ny at duw arnaw wastat anghenoctit.

A gwedy vrdaw arthur yn vrenhyn o dyvric archesgob caer llion. ay gyssegru a gwisgaw y goron am y ben rac gouyt y saesson yn ev kymhell.Fol. 78 kynullav llu aoruc arthur a mynet hyt ynghaer efrawc. Pan gigleu golcrin hynny; kynullaw llu a oruc yntev o saesson ac ysgottieit a ffichtieit. adyuot a llu mawr ganthaw yn ev herbyn hyt arlan dulas. ac yna ymlad yn wychyr creulon fyrf gadarn. allad llawer oboptu. Ac or diwet eisswis arthur agauas y vudugoliaeth. A gyrru golcrin ar ffo. ac a dienghis oe lu. hyt ynghaer efrawc. ac ev gwarchae yno; a oruc arthur ydunt. Pan gigleu baldwlf braut golcrin hynny; lle yr yttoed ar lan ymor. yn aros dyuodiat keldric dywyssawc o germania a nerth ganthaw ydunt. gorthrwm ykymyrth arnaw. A bryssiaw yno aoruc. a chwe Mil o wyr aruawc ganthaw. hyt ar deng milltir ywrth caer effrawc. a mynnv dwyn kyrch nos am ben arthur ay lu. Agwedy menegi y arthur hynny; anvon aoruc Caduwr iarll kernyw a chwech cant marchawc ganthaw atheir Mil o bedit. y ev ragot ar y fford. A hynny a oruc ynteu. Agwedy ymgyuaruot acwynt ymlat aoruc cadvwr yn greulon llidiawc. allad llawer onadunt. ac ev gwasgaru. ac ev kymhell ar ffo. Ac yna tristau a oruc baldwlf; am na chavas nerthahu y vraut. A medyliaw a oruc pa funvt y caffei ymwelet ac ef. Sef yperis moilgroisi y varyf ay wallt amynet yn rith erestyn. achymryt telyn yny law. amynet drwy y lluesteu yny doeth adan y gaer. ac yno llemmeyn a chware; yny adnabuwyt or gaer. Ac yna bwrw raffeu idaw; ay dynhu y mewn dros y gaer. a llawen uu y vraut vrthaw. Ac yna medy liaw a orugant o ba ystriw y gellynt ymrydhau odyno.Fol. 78v Ac val yr yttoedynt yn hynny. ynychaf ev kenadeu yn dyuot o germania. achwechant llong ganthunt yn llawn o wyr aruawc. a cheldric yn dywyssauc arnadunt. ac yn disgynnv yn yr alban y dir. Pan gygleu arthur hynny adaw caer efrauc a oruc amynet hyt yn llvndein. ac yna dyvynnv y holl wyrda attaw y gymryt kynghor. Sef y caussant yn eu kynghor; anvon ar howel vab emyr llydaw. nei y arthur vab y chwaer oed hwnnw. a brenhyn yn llydaw. y ervynneit nerth y ganthaw. Sef y doeth howel aphymtheng Mil owyr aruawc ygyt ac ef yn nerth idaw. allawen uu arthur wrthaw. Ac yna y caussant yn ev kynghor mynet hyt ynghaer llwyt coet. lle ydoed y saesson yna. ereill ay galwei lyndesei. nevo ieith arall caer lingkoll. Ac yna yn diannot ymlat a orugant ar saesson yn wychyr creulon. ac yn yr ymlat hwnnw y collet onadunt chwech Mil rwng llad abodi. Ar hynn adienghis onadunt: a ffossant hyt ynghoet kelydon. ac arthur yn ev hymlit hyt yno. Ac yno ybu kyfranc kalet yryngthunt. allad llawer o bop tu. canys yno ybrethit y bryttannyeit ogysgot yderi. Ac yno y perys arthur llad y deri. ac ev gyssot ar gyffion vchel yngkylch o gylch y saesson. Ac velly ev gwarchae yno: tri diev atheir nos ar vn tu. heb na bwyt na diawt. Ac yna rac ev marw o newyn y rodassant y holl sswlth y arthur. a theyrnget pob blwydyn o germania. yr ev gellwng yn ryd y ev gwlat. arodi gwistlon ar hynny. Agwedy mynet onadunt hyt ynghevyn gweilgi: etivar uu gan thunt ev thunt ev hammot ac arthur:Fol. 79 ac yna trossi ev hwyleu aorugant yny doethant hyt ymphorth totneis y dir. Ac yna anreithiaw y wlat honno hyt yn hafren. ac odyna hyt ynghaer vadwn. ac yna amgilchynv y gaer a orugant ac ymlat a hi yn gadarn. A phan gigleu arthur hynny; peri aoruc krogi ev gwistlon. ac ymadaw ar ysgottieit ac ar ffichtieit. ac adaw howel y nei yn glaf o orthrwm heint. ynghaer alklut ymplith y elynion. A dyuot am ben y saesson hyt ynghaer vadon. A dywedut wrthunt val hynn: hiev dwyll wyr lladron dwedit ny chatwassauch ammot a mi. nys katwaf vynnev achwitheu. Ac yno yd aeth divric archescob caer llion ar ben brin vchel: adywedud ohyt ylef. ha wyrda hep ef. y niver yssyt o honawch o gristonogavl fyd. coffewch hediw dial gwaet awch rieni ar y paganieit ysgymvn. a thrwy nerth duw ay amdiffin arnawch: chwi a orvydwch arnadunt. ar lafur awneloch yr am diffin awch gwir dilyhet; avyd golchedigiaeth ar awch pechodeu. Ac yna gwisgaw amdanadunt a orugant Ac yna y gwisgawt arthur lluric aoed teilwng y vrenhyn. ac am yben helmp evreit. adelw dreic oeur arnei. atharean aelwit gwenn adelw yr arglwides [veir] yndi. ay henw yn ysgrivennedic yndi. a honno a goffai arthur pan elei yn [ ? ] govyt. Ac ar y glvn y rodet kledyf a elwit caletuwlch agoreu cledyf oed [o] ynys brydein. ac yn ynys avallach y gwnaethessit. ac yny law yrodet gleif a elwit ron gymhyniect Agwedy darvot ydunt ymwisg[eiw] gan vendith yr arch escob kyrchu ev golynion a orugant.Fol. 79v ac ymlat yn greulon ac wynt gan ev llad yn hyt y dyd; yny uu nos. Aphan uu nos y kyrchassant pen mynyt a oed agos ydunt o dybygu gallu onadunt ymgynal ar ben y mynyd hwnnw. A phan uu dyd trannoeth y doeth arthur ay lu adwyn pen y mynyd iarnadunt. Ac ymguraw ac wynt yn greulon. ac y sevis y saesson yn da yny uu dalym or dyt. Ac yna llidiaw aoruc arthur; athynnv caletuwlch gan goffau henw meir. ac o uuan ruthyr kyrchu y elynion a oruc yn wraul. a phwy bynnac a gyuarffei ac ef ar y ruthyr hwnnw; ef ay lladei ar vn dyrnawt. Ac ny orffwissawt arthur yna yny ladawt ar vn tu or saesson. dec athrugeint a phedwar cant. A phan welas ybryttannyeit hynny ymogonyhauv aorugant; a galw ev nerthoed attadunt. achyt kerdet ac ef. ac yna or diwed y llas golgrin. abaldwlf y vraut. a llawer o vilioed y gyt ac wynt. Ac yno y foas keldric ac a dianghassei or llu y gyt ac ef: ac yd erchis arthur y kadwr iarll kernyw a deng Mil o wyr aruawc y gyt ac ef ev hymlit. Ac arthur a aeth y gaer alklut; canys klywssei bod y ffichtieit ar ysgottieit yn keisiaw or gaer. Sef a oruc katwr ay lu kyrchu llongheu ysaesson; ac ev llenwi oy wyr e hvn. Ac odena megis llew lluchedenawl ev hymlit hyt yn ynys danet. Ac yno y llas keldric ev tywyssawc; ac a dienghis or llu heb llad yno; agymellwyt yn geith tragywydawl. A gwedy goruot o gat wr arnadunt yno; ef a doeth ar arthur hyt yngkaer alklut.Fol. 80 Ac neur daroed y arthur yna kymhell yr yscottieit ar ffichtieit ar ffo hyt yn mwrreif; a hwnnw uu y trydyt ffo a wnaethassei arthur a howel arnadunt. Ac odyna y ffoassant hyt yn llinn llvmonwy. Ac yny llynn hwnnw yd oed trugein ynys: athrugein avon o vynydet prydyn yn dyvot idi. ac yn vn avon yn mynet yr mor. A llevyn a oed henw honno. Ac ympob ynys onadunt y mae karrec vaur vchel. Ac ymphob karrec y byd nyth eryr; aphan del hynny o eryrot y gyt y weidi ar ben vn karrec. Yna y gwybydant gwyr y wlat honno; y daw gormes arall wlat yr deyrnas honno. Sef a oruc arthur yna peri dwyn llongheu ac ysgraffeu attadunt; ac ev damgylchynv. ac ev gwarchae yno bythewnos ar vn tu. yny uuant veiriw Milioed onadunt o newin. Aphan yttoedyn velly; y nychaf gillamwri brenhyn iwerdon allynghes vaur ganthaw yn dyuot yn borth ydunt. canys hanoedynt or vn ieith ac or vn genedyl. Pan weles arthur hynny; ymadaw a oruc ar yscottieit ac ar ffichtieit. ac. ymlat a gillamwri. ay yrru ar ffo hyt yny iwerdon. Ac val y gallws gyntaf y doeth arthur drachevyn. y gyuarssanghu yr yscottieit ar ffichtieit. Ac yna y doeth a oed o archesgob. ac esgob. ac abadeu. yn ev kyssegredic wisgoed. adigwydaw ar dal ev glinieu ger bron arthur y ervynnieit idaw trugarhau wrth y bobyl honno. A chymryt y rei a dianghassei onadunt yn geith yn dragywydawl;Fol. 80v a gadel ev heneydiev ydunt. A hynny a oruc arthur drwy gwedi hynny o wyrda. A gwedy daruot hedychu y ryngthunt; ef aaeth howel y edrych ansawt y llynn ay amgylch. Ac yna y dywat arthur wrthaw; ymae yn agos ymma. llynn yssyt ryuedach no hwnnw. Sef val ymae; vgeint troeduet yn ihyt. ac vgeint yny let. a phymp troetued yny dyfnet. Aphedwar ryw bysgaut yny llynn; vn ymphob konghyl or llynn. ac nyt ymgymysc yr vn onadunt ay gilit byth. Ac ymae llynn arall heb yr arthur yn ymyl kymmry ar lan hafren. a llynn lliwan y gelwir. A phan llanwo y mor; yllwng yntev y mor vegys morgerwin ac ny chud y glanheu yr a el yndaw o dwfyr. Aphan dreiho y mor; y lleiniw yntev ac y hwyda vegys mynyd mawr a dan daflu tonnev. Aphwy bynna[c] y kyuaffei y tonnev ac ef ac ev hwyneb ar y llynn; abreid vydei idaw diang ay eneit. Ac os y gefyn a vydei ar llynn; nyt argywedei arnaw yr nesset vythei idaw. Ac odena y doeth arthur hyt ynghaer efrawc; a daly llys ynodolic a oruc ef yno. A phan weles yr eglwisseu gwedy ev distriw; allad y meibion llen oll or saesson; drwc uu ganthaw. Sef y cavas yny gynghor; gwneythur eppir y effeiriat teilu yn archesgob ynghaer efrawc. A pheri gwneithur yr eglwisseu o newyd oll; a rodi covennoed yndunt y wassanaethu duw yn deilwng o wyr a gwraget. A dienwiwaw pawb or a daroed yr saesson dwyn ev gwir dylyet iarnadunt.Fol. 81 Ac yna y rodes arthur y arawn vab kynvarch ysgotlont. Ac y lew vab kynvarch iarllaeth lyndesei; canys daw gan chwaer y arthur oed hwnno. A mam oed honno y walchmei ac y vedrawt. Ac y vrien vab kynvarch y rodet gwlat a elwyt reget. A gwedy daruot y arthur gwastathau ynys brydeyn yn y mod goreu y buassei erioet. Yna ymynnawt yn wreicka idaw gwenhwyuar verch ogvran gawr. Ac o deledogyon ruvein yr hanoed mam honno. A chatwr iarll kernyw ay magassei; a thegach oed honno. noc a oed o gwreic a morwyn yngkyt oes a hi. Ac yna y darparawt arthur llynghes yn erbyn yr haf rac law y vynet iwerdon. Aphan doeth yr amser; ef aaeth arthur hyt yn iwerdon. Ac yny erbyn yntev y doeth gillamwri ay lu. y geisiaw ymlat ac ef. ac ny thygiws ydaw. namyn ffo. ac yny ffo hwnnw; y delihit ef. ac ybu dir idaw gwrhau y arthur ef ay holl lu. Ac odyna ydaeth hyt yn islond; ac y goresgynnawt y wlat honno heb olud. Aphan gigleu brenhinet ynyssoed ereill bod arthur yn goresgyn fford ydelei; ac ny allei neb y ludias. Sef a oruc doldaf brenhin gotlond yna. A gwynwas brenhin orc. dyuot oc ev bod ev hvnn y wrhau y arthur. ac y rodi teyrnget pob blwydyn idaw. A gwedy mynet y gayaf heibiaw; ymchwelut aoruc arthur y ynys brydein. Ac yna y bu ar vn tu deudeng mlynet yn gorffowis. Ac yna yperis ef dyvynnv attaw gwyr prouadwy moledic o bop gwlat y amylhau y niver ay deilu.Fol. 81v Ac yna yd ehedawt y glot ef ay vilwyr o voes amynvt ahaelyoni; yny oed honneit dros wyneb y teyrnassoet odyma hyt yn ruvein. ac nad oed na brenhin nac arglwyd. na iarll na barwn. a ellit y gyfflybu y arthur. Ac yny yttoed ar bop brenhin y ovyn; rac ev goresgyn ohonaw. Ac am hynny y peris pob brenhin cadarnhau y gestyll: a gwneithur ereill newyd rac y ovyn ef. Pan gigleu arthur hynny; medyliaw a oruc pryffeithiaw oy weithret. y klot a athoed idaw o ymadrawt. Ac nyt oed lei y aruaeth no goresgin holl evropa. Sef oed hynny; trayan yr holl vyt. Ac nyt oed yna na brenhin nac arglwyt hytyn ruvein; ny bei yn keissiaw disgyblu wrth voes a mynvt llys arthur. Ac yna y perys arthur parattoi llynghes y vynet llychlyn; canys marw uuassei yna asychelym brenhin llychlyn. A hwnnw agymhynassei y vrenhiniaeth y lew vab kynvarch y nei; ac nys mynnei y llychlyn wyr ef. namyn dethol rickwlf yn vrenhin arnadunt. Ac ymgadarnhau yn ev kestill; y geissiaw cadw y wlat arnadunt. Ac yna yd oed gwalchmei vab llew. yn oedran deudengmlwyd arwassanaeth supplicius pab; a anvonassei arthur y ewythyr vraut y vam hyt yno; ydysgu moes amynvt amarchogaeth y gan wyr ruvein. Ar pab hwnnw arodes aruev kyntaf erioet y walchmei. Aphan doeth arthur y dir llychlyn; ynychaf rickwlf a llu mawr ganthaw. Ac ymgyrchu a orugant: a llad llawer o bop tu. Ac or diwet arthur a oruu; allad rickwlf.Fol. 82 a goresgyn y wlat oll. Agoresgyn denmarc aoruc; a chymhell ar y bobyl gwedu idaw. Ac yna yd edewis ef llew vab kynvarch yn vrenhin yn llychlyn. ac ynteu adoeth hyt yn ynys brydein. Odyno yd aeth arthur allynghes ganthaw hyt yn freinc; adechreu goresgyn freinc. Ac yny erbyn ynteu y doeth ffrollo gwr a oed yn medu freinc yna adan leo amherawdyr ruvein a llu mawr ganthaw; ac ymlat ac arthur yn wychyr llidiawc. ac ny thygyws idaw. canys amlach oed varchogion arthur; a gwell heuyt nor eidaw ef. Ac yna y ffoas ffrollo hyt ympharis; achynvllaw llu attaw a chau y dinas arnaw. Ac yno ydoeth arthur ac amgilchynv y dinas; ac ev kronni y mewn mis ar vn tu. yny uu veiriw llawer o newin. Ac yna y bu dolur gan frolo hynny; ac anvon ar arthur y gynnic idaw ev mynet ylldeu y ynys a oed agos yno y ymlad; ar kryfaf onadunt yll deu. kymerei kyuoeth y llall. agadel y deu lu yn ssegur. Nyt oed well gan arthur dim no hynny. Ac yr ynys ydaethant yn gyweir bob vn onadunt. o veirch ac aruev. ac ev deu lu yn edrych arnadunt. Ac yn diannot kyrchu a oruc frolo arthur yn llidiawc agwayw. sef a oruc arthur yna gochel y aruot. Ac yn gyflym gossot ar frolo; ac ny ohiriawd frolo yny aeth yr llawr. Ac yna tynhu cledyf a oruc arthur a cheissiaw llad frolo; ac y kyuodes frolo yn wychyr llym y vyny allad march arthur;Fol. 82v ac yna ydigwidws arthur yr llawr. Aphan welas y bryttannyeit hynny; anhawd oed ganthunt attal ev hannean am dorri gyngreir ar ffreinc. An yn llidiawc llim y kyuodes arthur y vyny athrossi y daryan y ryngthaw ac arvot frolo; ac yna newidiaw dyrnodiev aorugant yn greulon ac yn gadarn. A phob vn onadunt yn keissiaw lleassu y gilid; yn oreu ac y gellynt. Aphan gavas frolo gyfle y rodi dyrnawt y arthur; ef ay rodes yny yttoed y gwaet yn rydec ar hyt y wyneb ay vronffollt. Ac yna y llidiawd arthur; athrwy y lid oy holl nerthoed dyrchauel caletuulch a oruc. ac ar warthaf penn frolo ydaraw; yny hill ef ay aruev hyt y wregis perued. Ac yny ssyrth frolo yn varw yr llawr; a maedu y dayar ay ssodleu. Ac ellwng y yspryt gan yr awel. Ac yna y kymyrth arthur gwriogaeth freinc yn gwbyl. A gwedy caffael o honaw y uudugoliaeth yna; ef arannawt y lu yn deu hanner. Ar neill hanner onadunt a rodes ef yhowel y nei y vynet y goresgyn peitwf. ac idaw ynteu ehvnn y llall y vynet y goresgyn gwasgwyn ac angyw. Ac yna ykymhellwyt ar gwittard tywyssawc peytwf gwedu idaw. A naw mlyned y bu arthur yn goresgyn y gwladoed hynny; A gwedy daruot idaw hynny; ef a doeth hyt ympharis y daly llys. Agwahawd attaw holl tywyssogyon er ynyssoet; ac ev doethyon o ysgolheigion allehygion. Athrwy duhvndeb kwbyl or niver hynny; y gwnaethpwyt kyvreithiev da ac ev kynnal dros wyneb y deyrnas.

Ac yna y rodes arthur y vedwyr yben trulliat iarllaeth normandi;Fol. 83 ac ygei y ben sswydwr iarllaeth angywf. Ac y bawb oy wyrda iam hynny val yracglydei; ac ev rwymaw o haelder aoruc ac o garyat. yn vn vedwl ac yn vn hynni; ac ef ehvn. Agwedy daruot idaw gwastattau y gwladoed hynny. Y gwaeanwyn rac llaw; y doeth ef y ynys brydein drachevyn. Pan oed oet crist. pymp cant. aphympthec arugeint. y cavas theophilus ysgolheic y ssarthyr y gan y kythreul. drwy nerth yr arglwides veir. yr hwn arodassei ef ar wriogaeth idaw. Agwedy dyuot arthur y ynys brydein; daly llys a oruc yngkaer llion ar wysc. canys teckaf lle oed hwnnw yn ynys brydeyn. achyuoethockaf. ac adassaf y vrenhyn daly gwylua yndi. canys or neill tu yr dinas yd oed avon vawr dec vonhedic; val y gallei llongheu o eithavyon byt dyuot hyt yn adas. Ac or tu arall yr dinas yd oed gweirglodiev tec ehang gwastad a ssych; a foresteu tec adwyn. a brynnyeu tec aruchel eglur. Ac o vewn y gaer yd oed tei tec brenhiniawl. ar dinas hwnnw agynhebygit y ruvein. ac yd oed yno dwy eglwys vaur arbennic. Vn onadunt agyssegrwyt. yn henw Julius verthyr; a manachloc gwerydon oed honno. Ar eil a gyssegrwyt yn henw aaron verthyr. amanachloc canhonwyr oed honno. Ar trydet archescopte ynys brydeyn oed yna. Ac yd oed yna o ysgolhyoed deu cant ysgol o amryuaelyon keluydodeu. ac yn enwedic yd oed yno y sseith geluydyt. canys pennaf le ysgolhoet o ynys brydeyn oed caer llion ar wysc yna.Fol. 83v Ac yna y perys arthur darparu gwlet anveidraul y veynt y ssulgwyn; ac anvon kennadeu y bop gwlat y wahawt y brenhinet ar ieirll ar barwnyeit ar marchogyon vrdolyon. agwyr da ereill adwyn ar ny ellit ev rif am law hynny. y dyuot y gaer llion y rodi ydunt breiniev goreu a gausseint erioed val y dangossei ev boned ac ev delyhet ac ev gwaet. Ac yna y doeth or alban arawn vab kynvarch brenhin yscotlont. ac vrien vab kynvarch brenhin reget. Ac o wyned casswallawn llaw hir. a Meuric brenhin dyvet. a chatwr iarll kernyw. Ar tri archescob o ynys brydein. Aphennaf onadunt oed archescob caer llion; canys breint legat a oed idaw. a gwr nefawl oed. Ac yno y doeth Morud iarll caer loew. a Mor iarll caer vrangon. ac anarawt o amwithic. a Marchud o gaer weir. ac ywein o gaer vallawc. nev ssalysburi o ieith arall. Gwrssalem o gaer gynvarch. ac vrien o gaer vadon. A Jonathal o dorcestyr. a bosso o ryt ychen. a dunawt vab pabo post prydein. kenev vab coel. Peredur vab pruth. Grufud vab nogoed. Regyn vab klawd. kynvarch. Gorbonyawn. Edelem vab kolodawc. kyngar vab angen. Maxwic klof. Rvn vab nwrthon. Gwrgant. Gweir. Catvan. ac ygyt a hynny llawer o wyrda ereill. avydei ryvlin ev rifaw. Or ynyssoed ereill y doeth Gillamwri brenhyn iwerdon. a gillamwri arall brenhin alont. a doldaf brenhin gotlont. a gwinwas brenhin orc. a Llew vab kynvarch brenhin llychlyn. ac achel vrenhin denmarc.Fol. 84 Or tu draw yr mor y doeth holdin twyssawc rwytwn. burel tywyssawc conoman. Leodegar o volwyn. Betwyr tywyssawc normandi. Kei tywyssauc angywf. Gwitard tywyssauc peitwf. a deudec gogyuurd freinc. a gereynt carnwys yn ev blaen. A howel vab emyr llydaw. allawer y gyt a hynny a vydei ryhir menegi ev kymyrred pob vn arneill tu. Namyn ar vyrrder: ac yn wir. ny doeth y vn wlet erioed o wyrda a gwragetda. a meirch da. ac adar a chwn. athlyssieu mawr weirthiawc. ac eur llestri. a gwisgoed odidawc: o bali aphorffor assyndal ac ermyn kymeint ac a doeth yno. Ac or yspayn hyt ymma ar ny doeth ogareat arthur; nev oy wahawd. ny bu dyn or a vynhei da ny deley yno yw gymryt yn llawen. o amrauaelion rodion mynych ehelaeth o bob ryw da or a ervynnei pawb wrth y vod ay ewyllys. Ac ef a doeth llawer yno y edrych ar voes amynvt llys arthur o wyrda a gwraget da. A gwedy ymgynullaw y gyt hyt yno; y niver a dywetpwyt vchot. yna y gelwit y tri archescob y wisgaw am arthur. ac y dodi y goron am y benn. Ac yna y gorchmynnwyt y dyfric archesgob caer llion gwassanaeth yr efferren. Aphan daruu gwisgaw am arthur amynet y tu ar eglwys; yd oed deu archescob yn kynnal y vrenhin wisg amdanaw. Ac oy vlaen ydoed pedwar gwyr yn dwyn pedwar cledyf noethion. nyt amgen noc arawn vab kynvarch brenhin yr alban.Fol. 84v a chatwallawn llaw hir brenhin gwynet. a Meuric brenhin dyvet. a chatwr iarll kernyw. canys hynny oed ev breint o devawt yr amherawdyr. Ac ydoed cwvennoed yn canv amrauaelion gywydolaethiev o bob tu ydunt; or pyngheu teckaf ar kyssonaf or abrydawt Mussic. Ac or parth arall yd oed y vrenhines yn mynet yr eglwys yn wisgiedic o vrenhinieit wisc; a choron o lawrwyd am y phenn. Ac esgib a manachesseu ygyt a hi. ac oyblaen yd oed pedeir gwraget y pedwargwyr adywetpwyt vchot; a cholomen burwen yn llaw pob vn onadunt. A gwedy ev dyuot yr eglwisseu yna y dechreuwyt y gwassanaetheu dwywaul or ysgolheigion goreu; ac or pyngheu teckaf or abrydawt dyn erioet. Ac yna y gwelit ydynyon yn rydec o eglwis pwy gilit y warandaw ar y kywydolaethiev digrifhaf; rac oed ydigrifet ymphob lle. ny wideint pa le digrifhaf. A gwedy darvot yr efferennev dyvot yr llys aorugant; a diosg ev brenhinieit wysgoed. a gwisgaw ysgavyn wisgoed amdanadunt. a mynet yr nevad y vwytta. Ac yr neill parth or nevad yd aeth arthur ay wahodwyr y vwyta; ar parth arall yr nevad yd aeth gwenhwyvar ar gwraged ygyt a hi. val ydoed devaut yna pann dalhiev vrenhin llys a gwahodwyr gwyl arbennic. A gwedy rodi pawb y eiste mal y reglydynt. Yna yna y kyuodes kei a Mil o wyr y gyt ac ef. ywassaneithu o gegin. a gwisc o ermyn am bob vn o nadunt.Fol. 85 Ac or parth arall y kyuodes betwyr ybenn trulliat a Mil o wyr y gyt ac ef yn adurnhedic o vn ryw wisc. y wassanaethu o vedgell a digoned o lestri eur ac aryant. Ac or parth arall yd oedynt yn gwassanaethu ar y vrenhines dogned o niver hard adwyn; ac yn diwallu ytu hwnnw yr nevad. Ac nyt oed yna dros wyneb holl kret vn deyrnas a allei ym gyffelybu ac ynys brydein: o amylder pob da. a haelder a dayoni. a moes amynvt aglewder. canys vn arver oed holl villwyr arthur. ar gwraged a vei orderchadeu yr gwyr hynny. vn aruer oedynt o voes amynvt a gwisgoed. Ac ny mynhei vn wreic nac vn vorwyn yn yr oes honno vn orderch onyt Milwr profedic. Ac or achos hynny dewrach vydei y gwyr; adiweiriach vydei y gwraged. Agwedy daruot bwytta wynt a aethant allan odieithyr y dinas; y edrych ar amraualion gwaraev. Ac yn enwedic ar ymwan. Ac nyt oed dechymmic ar chwaraeu ny welit yno. Ar gwraged a vydei ar y tyreu. ac ar bylcheu y gaer. ac ar y fenestri yn edrych ar hynny. A phawb onadunt ay golwc ar y gwr mwyaf agarei: ac yr gweith diodev yd ymdangossei y gwraged yr gwyr. canys ymogonyhanv awnai y gwyr oc ev gwelet. Ar neb a vei uudugawl yny gwareu hwnnw. a delhit y lauur idaw val ytelihit ymbrwydyr o amdiffin tir adaear. a hynny oll o sswllt arthur. A gwedy daruot ydunt treuliaw y wled honno teir nos athri diev; y pedweryd dyd ydyvynnwyt pawb or niver a uuassei yn gwassaneithu y dyuot y vn lle;Fol. 85v y dalu ydunt ev gwassanaeth. Ac yna y rodet y rei onadunt dinessid. y ereill kestill. y ereill archescobaetheu. y ereill manachlogoed lle bytheu y rei hynny yn wac. Ac yna yd aeth dyvric archescob yn ermydwr agwrthot y archesgobot. Ac yny le ynteu y rodet dewi vab sant yn archescob. a gwr dwywaul buchedawl oed ac ewythyr y arthur. Ac yn lle sampson archesgob caer efrawc; y rodet teilaw esgob llandaf. a hynny o eiriawl howel vab emyr llydaw canys gwr dwywaul buchedawl oed teilaw. Ac yna y gwnaethbwyt Morgant yn esgob ynghaer uudei. A Julian ynghaer wynt. Ac edlitbyrth yn esgob ynghaer alklut. Ac val yr yttoedynt yn llunyethu pob peth velly: wynt a weleint yn dyuot attadunt. deudengwyr prud hard adwyn. a cheing o olifwyd yn llaw pob vn onadunt. Ac yn dyvot lle yd oed arthur; ac yn kyvarch gwell idaw. Ac yny annerch y gan lles amherawdyr ruvein; ac yn rodi llythyr yny law.

LLes amherawdyr ruvein yn anvon annerch y arthur brenhin y bruttannyeit val y haydws. Anryved yw gennyf vi dy greulonder di arthur. ath ynvydrwyd. ath syberwyt. canys o annean ynvydrwid y sserheysti ruvennawl amherodraeth. a rywyr ydwyt ti yn gwneithur yawn y ssened ruvein. canys kared vawr yw; kodi ruvein. a bren hined yr holl vyt; yn ystwng idi namyn tydi.Fol. 86 a thitheu am attal teyrnget a dylyei ruvein y gaffel or ynys honno. ac agafas vlkessar. ac amherodron ereill gwedy ef. ac y gyt a hynny llawered o ynyssoed a ardrethynt y ruvein a gribdeilienti. A sened ruvein a varnawd arnat titheu; erbyn yr awst nessaf adel; dy vot yn ruvein y gymryt y vrawt avynhwynthwy y varnv arnat. Ac yth dyvynnv ditheu y doethem ni hyt yma yn deudec. Ac ony devwy di yno: yn yr oet hwnnw. Ednebid di ydeuhir hyt yma. y ovyn iawn ytti o sarhaedeu ruvein val y barno y kledyfeu y rot ti ac wynt. A gwedy gwarandaw o arthur yr hynn a oed yn y llythyr; ef a aeth y gymryt y gynghor. Ac yna y dywat katwr iarll kernyw; arglwyd vrenhin hep ef. y mae arnafi ovyn goruot olesged arnam ni y bruttannyeit rac hyt ydym yn segur. ac yn ymrodi y wledeu amaswed ac ymdidan agwraged. ac overed. ahynny ys pymp mlyned a duc en glewder an fynneant. ac ys iawnach ynni diolwch y wyr ruvein dyuot yan kyffroi ni noc na delynt. Ac yna y dywat arthur ha wyrda hep ef: vyngkyt varchogeon ewch: a chwi arodassawch ymi erioet hyt yn hynn kynghoreu da frwithlawn llwydiannvs. ac yr awrhon ymae reit wrth gynghor da. ac am hynny; medyliet pawb o honawch kynghor grymvs frwithlawn. ac o byd duhvn an kynghor; ni a orvydwn ar wyr ruvein. Aphan gawssant teyrnget odymha gynt; yr dyvot alluoed ganthunt o ruvein y amdiffyn yr ynys honn rac ystrawn genedloed y caussant.Fol. 86v ac ny dylyeintwy odymha dim. Achanys ydynt wy yn holi ni peth anyledus: nynheu a holwn ydunt wynteu teyrnget drwy ydelehu. Ar cadarnhaf o honam kymeret teyrnget ygan y llall; canys an rieni ni aoresgynassant arnadunt wy gynt; nyt amgen no beli a bran: meibion dyvynwal moil mvt. Ac wynt adugant o ruvein vgeynt gwistyl or rei deledocgaf yno. Agwedy hynny ybu custenyn vab elen. a Maxen wledic. gwir deledogeon ynys brydein; yn amherodron yn ruvein. pob vn onadunt gwedy y gilid. Ac or achos honno nyni adelehwn teyrnget ydunt wy; ac ny dyleant wy ynni dim. Ac yna y dywat howel ap emyr llydaw. y rofi a duw hep ef: pei dywettei pob vn ohonam y ymadrawd ar neill tu: ny bydei kystal ac adywat arthur ehun. Canys o doethineb anyanawl. achalon huawdyl ehawn drut gywir frwithlawn: ac yn kywiraw o weithret y geir ar medwl ar kywyt a rodo duw yndaw. Ac yn dvhvn arglwyd eler yamdiffyn gwir a breint ynys brydein Canys gwyr ruvein adechreuassant holi peth anyledus; perthyn yttitheu arglwyd holi peth dyledus ydunt wynteu. A sybilla adarogannawd bot tri amherawdyr o gymre yn ruvein; sef uu y deu onadunt beli vab dyvynwal Moil Mut. achustennyn vab elen. a thitheu arglwyd a vyd trydyd. Ac am hynny arglwyd bryssia di yr hynt honno; canys duhvn paub athi oth wyr. Ac yn gymorth y vynet yno; mi arodaf ytt deng Mil o varchogeon arvauc. Ac yna ydywat Arawn vab kynvarch.Fol. 87 y rofi aduw arglwyd ny allaf menegi meint vy llywenyd am gogonyant am yr ymadrawd adreytheist am vynet y ruvein. Ac yshyvryt awelieu gennym ev kymryt gan wyr ruvein; dros y rei arodom nynheu ydunt y dial yn tadeu an rieni. ac y dyrchauel dy vreint titheu arglwyd ath dylyhet. Ac yn gymorth y vynet yno Mi arodaf ytt; dwy vil o varchogeon arvauc. a phedyt hevyt. A phan daruu ybaub onadunt dywedut yymadrawd a henwi yr amkan arodei o wyr aruawc y vynet y ruvein; yna y diolches arthur y bawb onadunt ar neill tu. Ac yna y kyfrifwyt y arthur y rivedi a eddewssyt idaw. Sef amkan agavas o ynys brydein heb arodes hywel idaw; trugeynt Mil o varchogeon arvauc kyfrwys provedic mewn brwydreu. Ac ny ellit rif ar y pedyt. Sef amkan y gyffrifwyt ygaffel or chwech ynys; chwech vgeint Mil. Sef oed henw yr ynyssoed hynny. Iwerdon. Islont. Gotlont. Orc. llychlyn. Denmarc. Ac o holl freinc petwar vgeint Mil o varchogeon. Ac y gan deudec gogyfurd ydaeth y gyt agereint vab erbin; deu cant marchauc a Mil. Sef amkan agavas o varchogeon. deucant marchauc. a deudeng Mil. aphedwar vgeint Mil. adeu cant Mil. Ar pedyt ni wydit ev rif.

A gwedy gwelet o arthur ewyllys paub ay garyat y tu ac attaw. canhyadu a oruc y baup onadunt mynet adref y ymbarattoi yn erbyn aust. Ac yna y menegis ef y gennadeu gwyr ruvein: y deuei ef yno erbyn aust y holi teyrnget y wyr ruvein. ac nyt ev dalu. Ac yna yd aeth y kenadeu y tu aruvein.Fol. 87v Pan gigleu lles amheraudyr ruvein geirieu arthur amdanaw: yn diannot ydaeth ynteu y gymryt y gynghor ef a sened ruvein. Sef y cavas yny gynghor anvon kenadeu ar brenhined y dwyrein; y erchi ydunt nerth y ystwng arthur. Sef rivedi a gauas. Epistrophus brenhin groec. Anustensar brenhin yr affric. an Affacinia brenhin yr yspaen. ac Irtacus brenhin Ciria. a Boctus brenhin Med. a Sertorius brenhin twrrea. Pandrassus brenhin yreifft. Mitipan brenhin babilon. Politetes brenhin bithinia. Teuter duc frigia. Evander brenhin suria. Eschilon brehin boetia. Ipolitus brenhin creta. Ac y gyt a hynny tywyssogeon a ieirll a barwnieit; allawer o wyrda a oed darystwnghedic y sened ruvein a vydei ry vlin ev henwi. Ac o sened ruvein yd oed Lles amheraudyr. a Meuric. a lepidus. a Gaius. a Metellus. a Chocta. a Chwyntus. a Miluius. Catulus. Cuintus. Cauricius. Sef oed hynny o rivedi ygyt deugeint wyr achant aphedwar cant Mil o vilioed. Agwedy daruot ydunt llvnyethu pob peth erbyn aust. wynt adoethant y tu ac ynys brydeyn. Agwedy gwybot oarthur hynny: ymgyweiriaw a oruc ynteu ay niver y gyt ac ef. Agorchymyn y vedrawt ynei vab y chwaer. ac y wenhwyuar y wreic briaut llywodreath ynys brydein. yny delei ef drachevyn: yw gadw yn didwyl gywir fydlawn. Ac yna yd aeth arthur y tu ar mor; aphan gavas gwynt gyntaf. ef agymyrth vordwy. Ac ef a welei breudwyt oed arruthyr ganthaw.Fol. 88 Sef y gwelei arth yn ehedec y wrth ydeheu a garw leis ganthaw: ac yn dysgynnv yn yr aruordir. Ac awelei dreic yn dyuot or gorllewyn: achan lleuver y lygeit y goleuhae yr aruordir. Ac ef a welei y dreic ar arth yn ymgyrchu; ac ymlad girat ryngthunt. A gwedy hir ymlad; ef a welei y dreic yn bwrw tanllachar ar yr arth. ac yny losgi yn ylw. Pan deffroas arthur; ef a datkanawd y vreudwyt yr niver aoed yn y gilch. Sef y dihonglassant; menegi yd ymladei arthur a ryw anghynvil o gawr. ac y gorvydei arthur arnaw. Ac ny chredei arthur vot y dihonglat (velly): namyn am y vynediat y ymgyhwrd a lles amheraudyr ruvein. Aphan doeth y dyd drannoeth y disgynassant yny borth a elwir barbe flyw. Ac yna tynnv pebylleu a orugant. ac aros yny doeth kwbyl o wyr yr ynyssoed. Ac yd oedynt velly: y nychaf gennat yn dyuot ar arthur. Ac yn menegi idav ry dyuot cawr anryved y veint y wrth yr yspaen a chripdeiliaw elen nith y hywel vab emyr llydav. ydreis yar ygwercheitweit. Amynet a hi hyt ymphenn mynyd Mihangel. A marchogeon y wlat a aethant yny hol; ac ny thygiws ydunt. A phei eleint ar longheu y ev hymlit; ef ay ssodei wynt yn y tonnev. Neu os godiwedei; ef ay llynghei wynt yn llet vew. Aphan oed nos mynet aoruc arthur a bedwyr vab pedrawc a chei vab kynyr yny uuant yn agos yr Mynyd. Ac wynt a weleint deu dan; vn aoed ar ben y Mynyd mawr. Ac arall aoed arben Mynyd a oed lei. Ac avon aoed yn amgilch y Mynyded heb allel o neb y veis idi:Fol. 88v sef y caussant ysgraf yev dwyn drwod. Ac yno gyrru a oruc arthur betwyr y edrych pa vn or deu vynyd yd oed y cawr. Ac yn gyntaf yd aeth; yr Mynyd bychan. Ac ef aglywei wrth y tan gwreigawl gwynvan. ac yn dawel ofnawc ay gledyf noeth yn y law y doeth ef yno. Ac ef a welei gwrach y eiste wrth y tan: abed newyd gladu yny hymmyl. Ar wrach yn drycyrverth vch pen y bed. Aphan welas y wrach betwyr yn dyvot y tu ac attei; y dywat wrthaw. O dydy dyreittiaf or dyneon hep hi; o dydy truanaf y dynghetven. Ef ath diheneidir yr awr honn; o angheu tervynnedic. Canys daw yr anghenvil ysgymvn hyt yma yr awr honn; yr hwn a duc elen nith hywel vab emyr llydaw ydreis hyt yma Ac yma y goruc y lleas; yn keisiaw kydiaw ahi. Ac am vy mot yn vamaeth ydi; y duc ef vyvi yma. Ac yr awr honn y kledeis y vy merch am eneit yny bed hwnn. Ac am hynny goreu yw ytti ffo; canys ef a daw yma ettwa y geisiaw kydiaw a mi. ac yth lad ditheu. Ac yna yd aeth betwyr y venegi y arthur yr hynn a welsei oll. A drwc uu gan arthur colli elen. Ac yn gyflym gall dawel kyrchu aorugant lle yd oed y cawr. Ac erchi a oruc arthur yr gwyr na deleint yny gyvyl; ony weleint mwy noc angheu arnaw. A phan doeth arthur yn agos attaw; yd oed ynteu yn troi bereidiev o gic moch coet vrth tan da. Agwedy daruot idav bwytta llawer or kic yn llet amrwt. Aphan welas ef arthur yn dyuot: bryssiaw a oruc y vwitta ykic. Ac yn gyflym kymryt y ffon; a nyt lei pwys y ffon. noc yd oed anawd y vilwr nerthawc y dyrchavael y wrth y llaur.Fol. 89 Achyrchu arthur a oruc ay daraw ar y darean yny glywit y datssein ymphell; ac yny gollas arthur y glybot oy glustieu o angerd y dyrnawt. Ac yno llidiaw a oruc arthur; a thynnv y gledif atharaw y cawr yny dal. yny vyd ygwaet yn kudiaw ylygeit ay wyneb. Ac yna llidiaw aoruc y cawr achyrchu arthur ar dor y kledyf: val y kyrchei baed coet yr heliwr ar hyt yr hych waew. Ac ymavael ac arthur: ay vwrw yny vyd ar ben y deu lin. Ac yna yn gyflymdrut greulongryf gan goffau Meir ymlithraw aoruc ygan y cawr; ac yn chwimwth fyrf ebrwidlym ymguraw ar cawr aoruc. yny ymgavas y gledyf ay emehennyd. Ac yna y rodes cawr disgrech athrugar adigwidaw yn vn kwymp yr llaur vegys derwen gan wynt. Ac yna chwerthyn aoruc arthur; ac erchi y vetwyr llad y benn ay dwyn yw dangos yr llu yr anryvedawt. Ac yna ydywat arthur na chyhyrdassei ac ef erioet vn creadur kyn gryfhet ahwnnw: onyt ricta gawr am y bylis. Sef val ybu am y bylis: gwneithur o ricta gawr pilis o grwyn barfveu brenhined. Ac adaw lle barf arthur yn vchaf ar y bilis yr parch ydaw; Ac erchi yarthur e hvn blinghiaw y varf ay hanvon idaw. Ac oni wnai hynny; erchi idaw dyuot y ymlad ac ef. Ar kryfhaf onadunt; kymerei y bilis a barf y llall. Ac yna y cavas arthur y bilis y gan ricta. A gwedy llad oarthur yr anghynvil hwnnw; wynt a doethant hyt ev pebylleu ytrydyd awr or nos ar penn ganthunt. A thristau a oruc hywel am ry golli y nith. Ar Mynyd hwnnw aelwir yr hynny hyt hediw bed elen. A gwedy dyuot y niver y gyt: wynt a gerdassant hyt yn dinas augustudium.Fol. 89v A gwedy ev dyuot drwy yr avon a elwit gwenn; y menegit idaw bot lles amherawdyr ruvein gwedy yr bebyllu yn agos attadunt a thorrec lu ganthaw. Ac ar lan yr avon honno y lluestws arthur y nos honno. Ac anvon kennadeu hyt ar lles: y erchi idaw adaw tervynev freinc. nev rodi cat ar vaes y arthur drannoeth. Sef kennadeu adetholet y vynet yno. Gwalchmei. a Bosso o ryt ychen. A Gereint carnwys. Allawen oed llu arthur am vynet gwalchmei yno; o dybygu y gwnay ef ryw gwrthgassed. val y bei dir ydunt ymlad ac wynt. A gwedy menegi y gennadwri y lles; y dywat yntev mae yawnach oed idaw llywiaw freinc. no mynet o honei. Ac yna y dywat Gaius nei yr amherawdyr: gwir yw arnawch chwi yr bryttannieit heb ef. ymae hwy llawer vyd auch tavodeu chwi; noc auch gledyfeu. Sef a oruc gwalchmei yna tynnv y gledyf; ac yn chwymwth llad penn gaius. Ac yn gyflym ysgynnv ar ev meirch a orugant; adyuot ymeith. Sef a oruc gwyr ruvein yna; ev hymlit y geisiaw dial ev gwr ry ledessit. Sef a oruc gereint canys nessaf oed yr ymlit; ymchwelut ar y nessaf attav ay wan agwaew trwydaw yny gyll y eneit. A drwc uu gan bosso na chaussei ef gwassanaeth or byt; ac ymchelut ar y nessaf attaw ay lad heb olud. Ac yna ydynessahawd Marcel mut ar walchmei y geisiaw dial gaius: Sef aoruc gwalchmei y daraw achledyf; yny hill y pen ar vynwgil hyt y dwy vron. Ac erchi idaw venegi yw gedymeitheon yn vffern vot llawer or ryw dyrnodieu hynny gan y bryttanyeit.Fol. 90 Ac o gynghor gwalchmei yna wynt a ymchweilassant ar y gwyr a ottoed yn ev hymlit allad y gwyr kyntaf agyvaruu aphob vn onadunt. A gwedy ev dyuot yn agos ygoet: ynychaf yn dyuot or coet attadunt yn borth ydunt chwech Mil o wyr aruawc or bryttanieit. Ac yn lle dodi gawr ar wyr ruvein. ac ev kymynv ac ev llad. a daly ereill onadunt. ac ev kymhell ar ffo. Pan gigleu petreius senedwr o ruvein hynny; y kymyrth yntev gyt ac ef deng Mil o wyr aruawc; a mynet yn borth y wyr ruvein. Ac yny lle gyrru aorugant ybryttannieit ar ffo; yny doethant yr coet ybuessynt gynt yndaw. Ac yna llad llawer o bop tu. Ac val ydoedynt yny govyt hwnnw ynychaf edern vab nvd a phym Mil y gyt ac ef o wyr aruawc yn dyuot yn borth yr bryttannieit. Ac yna gwrthnebu o newyd y wyr ruvein. ac yn wraul fenedic kynnal ev klot. ac ev syberwyt. Aphetreius a oruc val gwr doeth reoli y wyr ygyrchu ac y aros ev kyflev. Pan weles bosso o ryt ychen hynny: galw a oruc attaw niver da y veint o wyrda ac a digonei yn da; adywedut wrthunt val hyn. Avnbyn deylu hep ef. canys hep gynghor arthur y dechreuassam ni hynn agwyr ruvein; ymogelwn yn duhvn ffrwithlawn fyrff rac an digwydaw yny ran waithaf or ymlad. achaffel kywilid ynni ac yn arglwid. Ac or achos hynny dynessahwn y gyt yn wrawl ffynnedic. y geisiaw gwassanaeth ar petreius ay yw lad ay yw daly. Ac yna yd aethant am ben petreius ac ymauel ac ef. ay dynnv yar y varch yr llawr. Ac yna y bu brwydyr galet am petreius:Fol. 90v ac ordiwed ygoruu y bryttannieit adaly petreius ay dwyn ganthunt hyt ympherued ev gwyr ev hvnn. Ac odena mynet o newyd y ymfust agwyr ruvein. ac ev kymhel ar ffo; ac ar ny bu wiw ganthunt ev daly. wynt ay lladassant yn olofrud. Ac yna y doeth gwyr arthur ar carcharoreon ganthunt hyt yn lle ydoed arthur; amenegi idaw cwbyl oc ev damchwein. a llawen uu gan arthur hynny yny absent ef. Ac yna yd erchys arthur y vetwyr. ac y catwr. ac y deu dywyssauc ereill. nyt amgen no richart. a borellus. mynet yhebrwng y carcharoreon y tu apharis. rac dyuot gwyr ruvein ac ev dwyn y ar yfford kyn ev mynet yr castell. Pan gigleu gwyr ruvein hynny; yperis yr amherawdyr dethol pymptheng Mil o wyr aruawc. Ac ev gellwng o hyt nos or blaen y ragot y carcharoreon. ac y geisiaw ev rydhau. Ac ymlaen y niver hwnnw yd aeth vlteius senedwr. a chadell. achwintus cauricius. ac evander brenhin syria. a sertorius brenhyn libia. A mynet a orugant hyt yn lle y bu kynghor ganthunt y aros y carcharoreon. Athrannoeth y bore y doeth gwyr arthur ar carcharoreon ganthunt hyt yn lle yd oed y pyt ydunt. Ac yna yn diannot y kyvodes gwyr ruvein ydunt ac ev gwasgaru. Sef aorugant wyntev y gall kynghoras yna ymrannv. Sef val yr ymrannassant. gadel betwyr a richart y gadw y carcharoreon. Ac ymlaen ybydioned ayttoed yn ymlad yd oed catwr iarll kernyw. aborellus dywyssauc. Ac yn dirwol y kyrchws gwyr ruvein y bryttannyeit.Fol. 91 Ac wynt agausseynt ollwng ev carcharion pei na delei Gwyttart tywyssauc peittwf atheir Mil o wyr da ganthaw yn borth yr bryttannyeit am wybot bot pet ydunt. Aphan ymgaussant ygyt gwrthnebu yn wraul a oruc ybryttannyeit y wyr ruvein. athalu pwyth ev twyll ydunt ac ev brat. Ac yna y collet borellus tywyssauc canys Evander brenhyn siria ay gwant agwayw yny gyll y eneit. Ac yna y collet petwar gwyr da or brutannyeit: nyt amgen. hirlas o aber gwy. a Meuric vab catwr. a calliduc o dindagol. a her vab Ithel. Ac yr colli hynny o wyr: ny atdawd y brutannyeit yr vn or carcharoreon y ganthunt. Namyn or diwed gyrru gwyr ruvein ar fo. ac ev hymlit. Ac ar yr ymlit hwnnw y collet evander brenhyn siria. ac vlteius senedwr. Gwedy goruot or brutannyeit yna anvon a orugant y carcharorion hyt ympharis. ar rei adaliessynt ydyd hwnnw hefyt. Ac odena dyvot ynllawen hyt ar arthur. Athristau yn vaur a oruc lles amherawdyr ruvein am ydamchwain hwnnw. Ac y gymryt kynghor ydaeth pa beth a wnelei ay vynet y ruvein drachevyn yn ol porth y gan leo amherawdyr; ay yntev av mynet wynt ev huneyn y ymlad ac arthur. Sef y cawssant yn ev kynghor mynet y nos honno hyt yn Navvern yr lle a elwit lengrys ac yna y buant y nos honno. Pan giglev arthur hynny mynet a oruc yntev hyt y lle a elwit [glynn] soesia canys yr glynn hwnnw y deuwei lles [amherodyr] ay lu. Ac yna ev haros hyt trannoeth ac yna rodi y varchogeon arneilltu a Morud tywyssauc caer loew yn ev blaen.Fol. 91v Abydinaw y lu yam hynny yn wyth mydin. ac ym bop bydin yd oed pym Mil aphymp cant a hanner. a hynny owyr kyfrwys prouedic yn llawer o vrwidreu calet. Agwedy ev bydinaw ev dysgu aoruc arthur wynt y gyrchu ac y aros ev kyfle. Ac ymblaen vn or bydinoed y rodet arawn vab kynvarch a chatwr iarll kernyw vn ar deheu ac arall ar assw. ymblaen yr eil onadunt y rodet boso o ryt ychen. a gereint karnwys. ymblaen y dryded onadunt. y rodet achel vrenhin denmarc. a llev vab kynvarch. ymblaen y betwared y rodet hywel vab emyr llydaw. agwalchmei. Ac yn ol y pedeir hynny y rodet pedeir ereill. ymblaen vn onadunt y rodet kei abetwyr. ymblaen yr eil onadunt y rodet holdinus tywyssauc rwyten. agwittard tywyssauc peittwf. ymblaen y dryded onadunt y rodet ywein o gaer lleon. a gwynwas o gaer geint. ymblaen y bedwared y rodet vrien rac vadon. a gwrsalem o dorcestyr. Ac yn ol hynny oll yd oed arthur a lleng o wyr. ac ef aberys gossot delw dreic eureit oe vlaen. canys honno a oed arwyd gan arthur ydwyn ygwyr brathedic hyt attei. sef amkan vyd lleng o wyr. chwech gwyr athrugeint a chwechant a chwech Mil. Ac yna ydywat arthur wrth y lu. Ha wyr da hep ef hyspys yw; ymae oc auch nerth chwi ac auch kynghor y cavas ynys brydein vot yn bennaf o dec teyr nas arugeint. ac ettwa drwy nerth duw ar einwch chwitheu;Fol. 92 ny a oruydwn ar wyr ruvein. ac adialwn arnadunt keissiaw an keithiwaw oc an ryddit. achoffewch weithiawn y seguryt a gaussauch ys llawer o amser ac ymdidan a gwraged. a gware gwydbwyll a sseec a thapplys. Achoffewch bellach enynnv yn awch glewder ac awch milwriaeth abydwch duhvn diosgo pan ym gaffoch a gwyr ruvein kinnynwch wynt y megis ysgrybyl. ac nythybygant wy llauassu ohonnam ny rodi cat ar vaes ydunt. ac o gwnewch wyrda vyngorchymyn; mynheu awch anrydedaf wrth auch bod o bob da or a vo ymmediant ynnev. Aphawb onadunt a ymedewis gwneithur y orchymyn val y gellynt oreu. Pan gigleu lles bot arthur yn pregethu y wyr; sef a oruc yntev pregethu yw wyr ynteu. A menegi ydunt y dylyei yr holl vyt daristwng y sened ruvein: a choffewch chwitheu hep ef ymae awch tadeu ac awch teideu a gynheliis ruvein yn bennaf lle or holl vyt oc ev dewred ac ev mylwriaeth ac ev fynnyant. Ac or achos hynny na ochelwch chwitheu hediw angheu yr kynnal ruvein yn bennaf; ac y gymryt teyrngedoed o ynyssoed ereill. achwittheu a geffwch yr amkan avynnoch ora oresgynnoch y gyt a my. ac am hynny coffewch nat yr fo ydoethem ny yma; namyn yr ymlad yn duhvn ac yn gelynyon. ac wrth hynny kyt bwynt glew ar y dechre; sefwch chwitheu yn duhvn gadarn ac o hynny y goruydwch. A gwedy daruot idaw teruynv ar y ymadrawd; bydinaw y lu a oruc yn deudeng bydin. ac ymphob dydin rivedi lleng o varchogeon.Fol. 92v ac ymblaen y vydin gyntaf y rodet cadell vleid. ac alifantina brenhin yr yspaen. ymblaen yr eil y rodet Irtacus brenhin parthia a mar ysgyuarnavc senedwr o ruvein. ym blaen y dryded y rodet boctus brenhin midif. a gaius senedwr. ymblaen y bedwared y rodet serrex vrenhin libia. a chwintus miluius gwr o ruvein. yn ol y pedeir hynny yrodet pedeir bydin ereill. ymblaen vn onadunt y rodet serrex iterrea. ymblaen yr eil pandrassus brenhin yr eifft. ymblaen y dryded politetes brenhin frigia. ymblaen y betwared tenetus tywyssauc bitinia. Ac yn ol y rei hynny ydoed petdeir bydin ereill. ymblaen vn onadunt y rodet ypymet senedwr o ruvein. ymblaen yr eil y rodet lellius dryllwr tywyssawc o ruvein. ymblaen y dryded supplic. ymblaen y betwared Meuric or koet. Ac ar ol hynny yd oed lles amheraudyr ehvn yn dysgu y wyr lle gwelei reittaf. ac ympherued y lu y peris ef gossot delw eryr o eur yn arwyd ystondart. a hyt yno ydygeynt breynt nodua idaw y neb y bei arnav neb ryw berigyl or byt. Gwedy daruot ydunt ymvydinaw: ymgyrchu a orugant. achyntaf y kyuaruu y vydin yd oed brenhin yr yspaen yny llywiaw. a bydin arawn vab kynvarch. achatwr iarll kernyv. ac ny bu hawd gan neb onadunt gwahanv yr y gilyd. Ac ual yd oedynt velly: y nychaf gereynt karnwys a boso o ryt ychen ac ev bydin yn dyvot ac yn tyllu bydinoed gwyr ruvein. ac o hynny allan ymfust yn dirwol a orugant yny klywit ev sein ac ev dwrd yn edriniaw yn yr awyr.Fol. 93 ac yny klywit ydaear yn krynv gan sodleu y milwyr yn ellwng ev hyspryt. Ac yna y bu aerua vaur o bop tu yny vei ryvlin ev kyfrif. Ac yna y brathawt boctus brenhin Midif betwyr agwaew trwydaw yny gyll y eneit. Ac y brathwyt kei yn angheuawl. ac yr hynny ef ay vydin adugant corf betwyr ganthunt yny gyuaruu bydin brenhin libia ac wynt. ahonno ae gwasgarawd wynt yn athrugar. ac yr hynny wynt adugant corf betwyr hyt yn lle yd oed ydreic eureit. Sef a oruc hirlas nei y vetwyr yna; kymryt gyt ac ef try chant marchawc grymhus prouedic. ac vegys baed coet ymplith llawer o gwn. dwyn ruthyr yny ymgafas a boctus ay dynnv oe gyfrwy ay dwyn ganthaw hyt vch pen corf betwyr. ac yna y drylliaw yn drylliev man. Ac odeno yd aeth hirlas ar y getdymeithion. ac ev hannoc yn wravl. ac yna y collet llawer o bop tu. ac yna y collet o wyr ruvein alifantina brenhin yr yspaen. anntipan brenhin babilon. a chwintus miluius senedwr o ruvein. Ac o wyr arthur y collet holdin duc rwytten. a leodegar o volwyn. athri thywyssauc o ynys brydein nyt amgen. Gwrsalem o gaer geint. a gwallauc o amwithic. ac vryen o vadon. ac y bu varw kei or brath angheuol a gaussei. Ac yna y gwanhaawd y bydinoed blaen. ac enkyl a orugant yn y doethant ar vydin hywel vab emyr llydaw a gwalchmei. ac yna yn duhvn enynnv ynglewder a orugant Megis tan gan ssych wyd. Ac yn wychyr llym kyrchu ev gelynyon a orugant. ar neb agyuarffei a gwalchmei yna.Fol. 93v ef ay lladei ar vn dyrnawt. nev ynteu a wnai arnaw anaf anhesgor. Ac ny orffwissaut gwalchmei yna yny doeth y vydin amherawdyr ruvein. Ac yna ygwanhawit y bruttannyeit yn vaur am lad kynvarch tywyssauc tiger a dwy vil gyt ac ef. Ac yna hevit yllas try wyr da nyt oed waeth y digoneynt nor tywyssogyon. Sef a oruc hywel a gwalchmei yna ymgynnal yn ev llit a llad a gyuarffei ac wynt. hyt nat oed ydunt orfowis namyn rodi dyrnodiev mawr nev ev kymryt. Ac ordiwed y cafas gwalchmei yr hyn ydoed yny damvnaw sef oed hynny kyhwrd alles amherawdyr ruvein. Ac yna yd oed yr amherawdyr ympherued y dewred. Ac nyt oed well dim gan yr amherawdyr noc ymgaffel ac yntev. A gwedy ev dyvot ygyt ymfust aorugant yn gadarn ar ev tareanev. a phan yttoedynt llidiockaf yn ymfust y doeth anneirif o wyr ruvein am ben hywel a gwalchmei. yny uu dir ydunt enkyl yny doethant ar vydin arthur. Pan welas arthur hynny llidiaw aoruc mwy no meynt. athynnv caletuulch gan goffau Meir. a dechreu kymynv gwyr ruvein. adywedut yn vchel wrth y wyr ehvn. nac eirechwch wyr da dial cam auch tadeu auch hendadeu ar y gwreigiaul weryn hynn. Rodwch ydunt dyrnodieu llidiauc fyrf crulon tost. A gelwch auch nerthoed attawch. achynheliwch auch cof ac auch fynneant gennwch val y gwnaethawch erioet; ac ny bydwch wrthunt vn cam. Achyrchu y elynnyon a oruc megis llew lluchadenavl: ar neb a gyuarffei ac ef yna. ar yn dyrnawt ef ay lladei. nev ay hanafei. nev angheu teruynnedic. ac am hynny y foei paub racdaw val yfoei anivelieit gwann rac llew newynawc.Fol. 94 ac ny nodei aruev or byt racdaw. Ac yna y kyuaruu ac ef sertorius brenhin libia. a pholitetes brenhin bitinia. ac ef ay lladawt wynt ar vn dyrnawt pob vn onadunt. Pan weles y bruttannyeit arthur velly. enynhu gogonyant yndunt ac angerd a llit. ac ymlad yn wraul fynedic o hynny allan drwy dysg ev harglwyd ay fynnyant. Ac velly y goruc gwyr ruvein. annoc ev gwyr wyntev. hyt na ellyt rif ar a las yno o bop tu. Aphob vn or deu vrenhin yn annoc ev gwyr ac yn ev dysgu or mod goreu ac y gwippeynt. Ac val y bydynt velly yn ymfust ynychaf Morud tywyssauc caer loew yn dyuot a lleng o wyr ganthaw y rei a edewssyt ar neilltu kyn no hynny. Ac yna o newyd kymynu gwyr ruvein. ac ev llad ac ev hanafu heb drugared. Ac ympherued yr ymedrinaw hwnnw y gwant vn or brutannyeit lles amherawdyr ruvein a gwayw trwydaw yny digwyd yn varw yr llawr. Ac yna or diwed ygoruu ybrutanyeit achymhell gwyr ruvein ar fo y bopmann mal y dygei ev tynghetuenev wynt gan ev llad ac ev hanafu lle ymordiwedyt ac wynt heb drugared. Canys duw a oed yn dial arnadunt am geisiaw onaddunt keithiwaw deledogeon ryd y dalu teyrngedoed ydunt. Ac yna y perys arthur gwahanu y corfforoed ywyr ef y wrth corfforoed gwyr ruvein. a pheri ev dwyn y vanachlogoed yn vrdasseid ac ev kladu yn enrydedus. Ac anvon corfforoed y wyrda ay anwilieit y ev gwlat ev hvnein y ev cladu. Ac yna y ducthbwyt a chorf betwyr hyt yn Normandi ydinas awnathoed ehvn yno.Fol. 94v ac mevn mynwent a oed or parth deheu yr dinas y cladpwyt ef yn enrydedus. Achorf kei aducpwyt hyd yn gastell diarnvm yr hwnn awnathoed ehvn. ac y mevn manachloc ermydwr ger llaw y castell hvnnw y cladpwyt ef yn enrydedus. A holdin tywyssauc rvtein a ducpwyt hyt yn flandrys ac yn dinas tervan y cladpwyt ef. Ay holl wyrda ereill o ieirll a barwnyeit athywyssogeon aberys arthur ev dwyn yr manachlogoed nessaf y ev cladu yn enrydedus. Ac ef a berys cladu corfforoed gwyr ruvein yn llwyr; a dwyn corf yr amherawdyr ger bron sened ruvein. A gorchymyn ydunt na deleint eilweith y ynys brydein y ovyn teyrnget yr brutannyeit. Ac yna ytrigawt arthur y gaiaf hwnnw yn daristwng borgoyn. A phan yttoed yr wythnos kyntaf or haf yn dechreu mynet dros mynyd mynnei ytu aruvein: y gordiwedawt kennadeu ynys brydein ef. a menegi idaw yr daruot y vedrawt y nei vab y chwaer gwisgaw coron ydymas a chymryt Gwenhwyuar yn wreic gwely ydaw ahynny ar ostec ac yn diargel. Pan gigleu arthur hynny yn diheu ymchwelut a oruc tu ac ynys brydein. ac ellwng hywel vab emyr llydaw y daristwng y gwladoed yno. Sef aoruc Medrawt yna anvon Selix tywyssauc ysaesson hytyn germania y wahawd yr ysgymvnyeit a oed yno y rivedi mwiaf ageffyt onadunt ydyuot yn borth ydaw hyt yn ynys brydein. Ac yntev a rodei ydunt kymeynt ac y rodassei gortheyrn ydunt gynt. sef oed hynny o hvmyr hwnt.Fol. 95 a swyd geint. Ac yna ydaeth selix y tu agermania ac adoeth yny lle drachevyn. a seith cant llong ganthaw yn llawn o baganyeit aruawc. Ac nev yr daroed y vedrawt yr ennyt hwnnw ymgedymeithiaw ar ffichtieit ac ar ysgottieit ac ar gwydyl. ac aphob ryw genedyl or a wyppei vot yn gas ganthunt arthur. yny gavas yn vn ac ef petwar vegeint mil. A dyuot a hynny o niver ganthaw hyt ymphorth hamont y geissiaw lludyas arthur yr tir. Ac yna y llas llawer o bop tu ac yn enwedic yna y llas arawn vab kynvarch a gwalchmei nei y arthur. Ac yn lle arawn y rodet vrien vab kynvarch yn vrenhin. Athrwy llauur mawr a cholli llawer o wyr ydoeth arthur yr tir o anvod medrawt. Ac yn diannot kymell Medrawt ay lu ar fo a gwasgaru y wyr ac ev llad yny doeth y nos. A gwedy dyuot nos ymoralw a oruc medrawt ar y wyr: acymgynvllaw y gyt aorugant amynet hyt yngkaer wynt. achadarnhau y dinas arnadunt. Pan weles gwenhwyuar hynny ffo a oruc hithev o gaer efrawc hyt yngkaer llion ar wysc. Ac yn eglwys Julius verthyr y gwisgawd yn vn grefyd ar manachesseu a oed yno yn aros ev hangev. Pan gigleu arthur hynny mwihau y lit a oruc am nachaussei dial y lit ar vedrawt ysgymvn dwyllwr. Ac ymphen ytrydyd dyd gwedy daruot idaw peri cladu y wyr y doeth arthur hyt ynghaer wynt. Sef a oruc medrawt pan welas arthur ay lu yn dyuot; mynet allan or dinas y rodi cat ar vaes y arthur.Fol. 95v Ac yna y bu aerua girat y meint o boptu. ac or diwed Medrawt afoas ac adihenghys oy lu y gyt ac ef hyt yngkernyw. Ac ny hanbwyllws arthur yna peri cladu y wyr; namyn ymlit medrawt dwyllwr yn drist ovalus am diang pob vn or dwy weith hynny. Ac ar avon gamlan yd arhoes medrawt ef. sef oed rivedi llu Medrawt yna. chwegwyr achwechant athrugein Mil. ganys gwell oed ganthaw nogyt ffo o le y le aros arthur yna. ac yna bydinaw y wyr yn naw (den*) mydin. sef amkan a rodes ymphob bydin lleng o wyr. Ac yna yr edewis ef y baub os ef a orffei y wneithur yn vodlawn o dir a daear ac o bop da arall or a vedei arnaw. Ac yny erbyn yntev y goruc arthur naw mydin athywyssogeon kyfrwis kadarn yn ev blaen. ar pedyt a rodet ar neilltu rwng deheu ac assw. Ac yna y dywat arthur ha wyr da heb ef gobydwch chwi nac ymlad y bobil rackw vyth yn dvhvn canys pobyl casgyl angkyfieith ysgymvn ynt. Ac nyt ynt vn galon a dynyon bydawl ereill canys ny ny yssyd gristionogeon a chyd ac iawn ac wyntav yn baganieit ysgymvn a chyt ar [cam] A chan annoc y wyr ac ev dysgu ym gymyssgu ybydinoed ac ymlad yn chwerw dost kreulon athrugar engiriawl. Ac velly y buant yn ymfust. yny yttoed y rei byw yn dissynhwyraw y gwarandav disgrethin y rei a oed yn talu angheu o bop tu. A gwedy treulyaw onadunt llawer or dyd velly yn ymfust. Mynet a oruc arthur ay vydin am ben bydin Medrawt ay thyllu ay gwasgaru megys llew diwal newynauc ymplith aniueilieit gwar.Fol. 96 Ac yny ruthyr hwnnw y llas Medrawt a milioed y gyt ac ef. Ac yr colli Medrawt ny orffwissaut adianghassei oy lu o ymlad yny oed gymeynt yr aerua o bop tu ar mwiaf or a uu erioed na chynt na gwedy. A [hynn] o dywyssogeon Medrawt a las. Eiaes. Ebrut [aviuryuc] a hynny oll o saesson. Gillamwri. a Gillafadric a Gillassor. a Gillarch. gwidyl oed y rei hynny a chwbyl or ffichtieit ar ysgottieit a las ollyna. Oblegit arthur y collet yna. Ebrut brenhin llychlin. ac Achel brenhin denmarc. a chatwr lemenic a chasswallaun a llawer o vilioed or a dothoed o bop gwlat y gyt ac ef hyt yno. Ac yno y brathwyt arthur yn angheuawl yny benn. ac yducpwyt ef hyt yn ynys avallach y ev medegyn[eaythu] Ac yna y gorchmynnws ef coron y dyrnas y custennyn vab kadwr ygar. Sef oed hynny dwy vlyned a deugeint a phymp cant gwedy geni mab duw. [Ac yna y ysgrivennwyt] y gwersseu hynn. [Qui nunc mores probitas commendat laude] perhenni. Hic iacet arthurus [flos regum] gloria regni. [Qui] meruit celos [uirtutem proli fecunda Arthuri] iacet hec coniunx tumulata secunda. Ac ny dyw[at] yr ystoria [?] hyspyssach am angheu arthur no hynny.

A gwedy kymryt o Custennyn llywodraeth ydyrnas a gwisgaw y goron am y ben y kyuodes deu vab y vedrawt ar saesson gyt ac wynt yn erbyn y brenhin ac [ny thygiws] ydunt. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw y bu varw deynyol escob. ac y detholet theon escop caer loyw yn archescob yn llvndein.Fol. 96v Ac yn yr amser hynny ytervynavd dewi vab sant archescob caer llion y uuched yr hwnn a darogannws Merdyn yny broffwidoliaeth. Ac y perys Maelgwn gwyned dwyn y gorff hyt yn Mynyw ay gladu yn enrydedus yny vanachloc a adeiliassei ef ehvn. A phadric kyn no yeni adarogonassei y lle hwnnw ydaw. Ac yna y detholat kynawc yn archescop yngkaer llion yny le yntev. A gwedy llawer o ymladdeu y rwng custennyn ar saesson; ffo a oruc y saesson ac vn o veibion Medrawt hyt yn llvndein. ac yno y llas ef mevn manachloc brodyr. Ar llall afoes hyt yngkaer wynt ac yno y llas hwnnw mevn eglwys amphimbalus ger bron yr allawr. Ac yny dryded vlwydyn gwedy hynny y llas custennyn y gan Gynan wledic ac y clathpwit ef yn enrydedus ger llaw vthyr bendragon yngkor y kewri. yn ymyl salysburi.

Ac yna y kymyrth Gynan wledic y vrenhiniaeth yn eidaw ehvn. a gwas ieuanc clotvaur oed ac adas ydaw gwisgaw cororn a chwannauc oed y tervysc y rwng y gywdautwyr ef ehvn. Ac ewythyr ydaw ef ehvn adylyhei gwledychu gwedy custennyn: ac ef a ryuelawd a hwnnw. ac ay delhiis ac ay rodes yngkarchar. ac a ladawt y deu vab. ac a gymyrth y dyrnas yn eidaw ef ehvn. Ac yn yr eil vlwydyn o oet y dyrnas y bu varw.

Ac yn nessaf y hwnnw y doeth Gwerthevyr yn vrenhin. ac yny erbyn ef y kyuodes saesson adwyn attadunt niver o germania. Ac yr hynny gwerthyuyr a oruu arnadunt. Ac ef a uu vrenhin pedeir blyned ar vntu.

Ac yna y doeth Maelgwn gwyned yn vrenhin ar gwbyl or bruttannyeit.Fol. 97 A gwr mawr telediw oed vaelgwn a goresgynnwr uu ar lawer o greulonyon vrenhined. achadarn adewr oed yn aruev. a chwbyl oed o gampeu da pey nat ymrodei ymphechawt sodoma ac agomorra. Ac am hynny y bu atkas ef gan duw. A chyntaf brenhin gwedy arthur a oresgynnawt y chwech ynys wrth ynys brydeyn uu ef. Sef oed y rei hynny. Iwerdon. ac Islont. a Gotlond. ac Orc. a llychlyn. a Denmarc. Ac ay duc yn drethawl y ynys brydeyn. Ac yn eglwys ros yny creudyn y bu varw pan weles y vat velen drwy dwll a oed ar dor yr eglwys.

A gwedy ynteu y doeth Keredic yn vrenhin. a hwnnw a garei teruysc y rwng y gywdawtwyr ef ehvn. ac am hynny y bu gas ef gan duw a chan y bruttannyeit. A gwedy gwybot or saesson hynny. anvon a orugant kennadeu hyt yn iwerdon ar wr kreulon a oed yno aelwit gormwnt brenhin or affric. a hwnnw a doethoed a llynghes vaur ganthaw y oresgyn iwerdon y ervynneit idaw dyvot yn borth ydunt y oresgyn ynys brydein. ac wynt ay kynhalieynt a dan y arglwydiaeth ef: ac a rodeynt teirnget bop blwydyn ydaw ohonei. Ac yna o dyvyn y saesson y doeth y pagan ysgymvn hwnnw athrugein llong yn llawn o wyr arvauc ganthaw hyt yn ynys brydeyn. Ac yny neill ran or ynys yna yd oed y saesson yn baganyeit ysgymvn. Ac yny ran arall yd oed y brytannyeit ar ev gwir dylyet ac yn da ev ffyd y grist. Ac yn drwc y rwngthunt ar saesson. Ac yna gwedy dyvot gormwnt ar saesson y gyt:Fol. 97v ymlad a orugant a cheredic. ac yn yr ymlad hwnnw y cavas gormwnt y uudygoliaeth. ac y gyrrwyt keredic ar ffo hyt yngkaer uudeu nev o ieith arall circestyr.

A gwedy goruot o Gormwnt hwnnw arnadunt; y doeth Imbert nei y vrenhin freinc a gwrhau ydaw yr y dyuot yntev yn borth ydaw y geisiaw goresgyn freinc y ar y ewythyr. canys hwnnw ay gyrrassei ynteu o freinc y ar y wir dylyet ehvn kyn no hynny. A gwedy gwrhau idaw wynt a doethant y gyt am ben y dinas; ac ymlad yn greulon ac wynt bevnyd. ac ev gwarchae y mevn heb gaffel onadunt ford allan. ac yr hynny nyt yttoedynt yn ennyll dym: onyt colli ev gwyr yn olofrud. Ac yna y cafsant yn ev kynghor peri y bawb daly o adar y to a elleynt vwyaf o nadunt yn vew. ac ev gwarchae velly yny vei agos yr nos. Ac yno kymryt bsisg y knev. ac ev llenwi yn llawn o yspwng. a brynstan. a phyc. a dodi tan yndunt. ac ev rwymaw wrth yr adar hynny. ac ev gillwng gan y nos. Sef a wnaethant wyntev ehedec hyt yn to y tei yny dinas. ac yr deisiev. ac yr Mydylev. a chynydu y tan yn ev ehediat gan wynt ev hesgyll. yny yttoed y dref yn boeth kyn y dyd drannoeth. Ac yna ydoeth keredic allan y rodi cat ar vaes ydunt; ac ny thygyws ydaw dim. namyn y kymhell ar ffo. yny doeth drwy hafren y dir kymry. Ac wynteu yny ymlit gan llad a llosgi ydinessyd. ar kestyll. ar treuy ar dir. heb eiryach neb ryw dyn. nac ysgolheic na llehic or a gyuarffei ac wynt: hyt na didoriat neb or kywdawtwyr pa dir na phale or byt yffoeynt.Fol. 98 Pa beth a allei y genedyl lesg gyuarssanghedic druan o dirvaur gorthrum bynner bechawt ssyberwyt. y rei a vydeynt yn ssychedockau gwaet atheruysg ac anyhvndeb rwng y kywdawtwyr ev huneyn. Ac velly y genedyl druan o ynys brydeyn y gwenheysti. canys tidi gynt a gymhelleist y teyrnassoed eithyaf darystwng ytt. ac yth arglwydiaeth. Ac weitheon ydwyt tytheu megys gwinllan da vonhedic. yn ymchwelut yn chwerwed a cheythiwet. hyt na elly amdiffyn dy wlat nath wraged nath veibion o law dy elyneon. Ac am hynny y genedyl ssyberw druan kymer dy benyt. Ac ednebyd y geir a dywat duw yn yr evenghyl. Pob teyrnas a ranner ac awahaner yndi ehvn; a wenheir ac a diffeithyr. yny ssyrthyo y tv ar y gilyd. Ac am hynny canys ymlad ac anyhvndeb y gywdawt ev hvneyn. a mwc tervysg achynghorvynt; a dywyllhaws dy vryt ti. canys dysyberwyt ti ny mynnws vfydhau y vn brenhyn. Ac am hynny y mae y paganieit creulon yn distriw dy wlat ac yny divetha tra vo byw dy etiuediaeth; canys wynt avyd mediannvs ar yr hynn goreu or ynys. A gwedy darvot yr paganieit creulon anreithiaw yr ynys aellad ae llosgi or mor pwy ygilyd mal y dywetpwyt vchot; ef arodes gormwnt holl loegyr yr saesson. Ac yna y bu dir y wedillion y genedyl druan or brutannyeit kyliaw y eithaueoed yr ynys; tu a chernyw a thu achymre. a dwyn mynych kyrcheu am ev pen oc ev gelynyon gan ev llad ac ev llosgi heb drugared.

Fol. 98vA gwedy gwelet o theon archescob llvndein ac archescob caer efrawc yr eglwysseu gwedy ev distriw ar kwvennoed a yttoed yn ev gwassaneithu. Sef a oruc.gant wynteu yna kymryt yr holl greiriev ac esgyrn y sseynt. a ffo ac wynt hyt y lle ynealaf yn eryri rac ovyn y paganyeit. A llawer onadunt affoas hyt yn llydaw. canys nat oed yny dwy archesgobot vn eglwis heb divetha or paganyeit creulon allad y meibion llen yn olofrud. Ac yna drwy llawer o amseroed y colles ybrutannyeit coron y deyrnas ac ev teylyngdawt. Ac y gyt a hynny y ran a drigassei ganthunt or ynys nyt a dan vn brenhin y dalyassant: onyt a dan tri brenhin creulon a mynych ryueloed rwngthunt ev hvneyn. Ac am hynny ny chauas y saesson hevyt coron y deyrnas yna. Namyn dir uu yr brutannyeit darystwng yr tri brenhin adywetpwyt vchot; ac yr hynny wynt aryveleynt ar brutannyeit val kynt. Ac yn yr amser hwnnw y doeth austin y gan Grigor bap hyt yn ynys brydein y bregethu yr saesson ac y geisiaw ev dwyn y ffyd grist. canys nevr daroed ydunt dilehu ffyd grist yn llwyr oc ev plith. Ac yd oed y brutannyeit yn kynnal fyd grist yn gadarn: yr pan dothoed y ynys brydein gyntaf yn oes eleutherius bap. Aphan doeth austin escob gyntaf y ynys brydein: ydovyr y doeth y dir. Aphregethu a oruc yr saesson creulon: a mwy lawer ay guattwarei ef noc agredei ydaw. ac eysswys y niver a vynnei duw rodi yspryt yndunt wynt a gredeynt idaw. Ac odyno ef a doeth y tu a mynyded keint a niver mawr yny ganlyn.Fol. 99 A gwedy ev dyuot ar hyt pant diffeith meithach no dym; diffygeaw dwfyr arnadunt. a phaub yny damunaw. Sef a oruc austin yna gwediaw ar y arglwyd ar gaffel dwfyr. Ac y doeth anghel yn dirgeledic attaw y erchi idaw na phedrussei dim oe aruaeth; canys duw a rodei ydaw pob peth or a archei yn gyfyawn. Ac yna y doeth dwfyr or daear val y gallei paub onadunt aruer ohonaw digoned. Ac yna y gelwis austin cernel y lle hwnnw yr hynny hyt hediw. sef yw hynny lle dirgel o roec. Ac yna llawenhau o austin adyvot racdaw hyt yngkeint. a phregethu yno adwyn y brenhin y gret ay holl niveroed. Ac o dyna y doeth ef hyt yngkaer raw. a thra uu yno yn pregethu. nevr daroed gwniaw llawer o amravaelyon lysgyrneu wrth y esgob wysg o wattwar amdanaw. Ac yna ygwedyaut austin ar y arglwyd; pwy bynnac a enyt yny dref honno y vot yn llyssgyrnic o hynny allan. Ac o dyna y doeth austin hyt yn llvndein y bregethu adwyn llawer y gret onadunt. Ac yna ymovyn am yr archesgobtyev ar eglwissev ar meibion llen adaroed ev distriw. Ac yna ymanagwyt ydaw vot archesgobot yngkaer llion ar wyssg; a seith esgobot a danei yn gyflawn o breladyeit gredyfus gatholic. amanachlogoed llawer a chwuennoed yn gwassaneithu duw yndunt. Ac ymplith y rei hynny yd oed manachloc arbennic lle gelwyt bangor vaur ym maelor. Ac yn honno yd oed o rivedi meneich yn gwassaneithu duw hep y prioreu ac ev swydwyr pey rennyt wynt yn seith ran;Fol. 99v y bydei trychant manach ymphop ran. A hynny oll yn ymborth o lauur ev dwylaw. Ac abat y vanachloc honno a elwyt dvnawt. A hwnnw a wydeat o geluydodev mwy noc vn dyn. A gwedy gwybot o austin hynny; llawen uu ganthaw. Ac anvon a oruc hyt ar dvnawt y ervynneit ydaw dyuot yw gymorth y bregethu yr saesson ac yev dwyn y gret. Ac yna yr anvones dvnawt drachevyn ar austin y venegi nat oed teilwng ganthunt bregethu yr genedyl creulon hynny; canys o arallwlat y dathoed yr ystrawn genedloed hynny yn ormes ar ynys brydein; athrwy ev twill ac ev brat y lladassant yn rieni ni ac yn kenedyl. Ac yn treissiaw on gwir dylyet; ac yn alltudaw ac yn anreithiaw. ac yn dehol rei or ynys ereill y ymylev yr ynys. Ac am hynny ny pherthyn arnam ni na phregethu ydunt nac vfydhau y neb; onyt y archesgob caer llion. canys hwnnw yssyd primas dros ynys brydein. Pan wybu delflet brenhin keint ymwrthot o dvnawt dyuot gyt ac austin y bregethu ydunt; avon aoruc ar brenhin y gogled. a brenhin deheu lloegyr. ac erchi ydunt dyuot ar gallu mwiaf a vei ganthunt hyt yn Mangor y dial ar dvnawt y greulonder wrth y saesson. A gwedy ymgynvllaw or saesson y gallu mwyaf a oed ganthunt; wynt a doethant hyt yngkaer lleon. Ac yno yd oed Brochuael ysgithrauc ac agavas uuyaf or brutannyeit y gyt ac ef. Ac yny dinas hwnnw yd oed o veneych ac ermytwyr niver mawr. a hynny o bob manachloc or a oed yn ran y brutannyeit or ynys ac yn enwedic o vangor vaur.Fol. 100 Aphan welas brochuael y ssaesson yn dyuot ytu ar dinas; dyuot yn ev herbyn a oruc ac ymlad ac wynt yn wychyr creulon allad llawer onadunt. Ac or diwed rac amlet y saesson y bu dir ydaw adaw y dinas hwnnw amynet hyt ymbangor vaur. Ac yno dyvynnv attaw kwbyl or brutannyeit. A gwedy gwybot or delflet hynny; a gwelet y lladua a wnaythessyt ar y saesson; gorthrwm y kymyrth arnaw. A gwedy menegi ydunawt dyuodeat y delflet; anvon a oruc deu cant manach or rei doethaf hyt attaw: y ervynneit ydaw y drugared. Ac y gynnyc pob ryw da or a elleynt dyuot ydaw. yr ev gadel yn hedwch yn ev manachloc yn wassaneithu duw. canys na wnaethant wy dym or cam ydaw. Agwedy menegi yr delflet ev kennadwri; ef aberys llad hynny o seint. Ac a doeth ef ay lu am benn y vanachloc; Ac yny erbyn yntev y doeth brochuael ac ymlad ac wynt yn wychyr creulon a llad llawer o bop tu. A hwnnw a elwyt gweith perllan bangor. A gwedy ev bot velly hir amseroed yn ymbrwydraw; dir uu y vrochuael kiliaw drwy dyvyrdwy avon. rac lluossogrwyd y saesson. Ac yna gwarchadw y rydeu arborthlodoed yny delei nerth attaw. Ac yna y llas o veibion llen mwy no Mil heb vrodyr llehygyon ac ermytwyr. Ac yna y doeth yn borth y vrochuael. nyt amgen. Bledrws tywyssauc kernyw. Meredud brenhin dyvet. katvan brenhyn gwyned. Ac yna kyrchu ev gelynyon aorugant ac ymlad yn wychyr creulon engiriawl allad llawer o bop tu. Ac or diwed y goruu y brutannyeit:Fol. 100v ac y brathwyt y delflet ay gymhell ar fo ac a diengys or paganieit y gyt ac ef. Sef rivedi a gollet yno or paganieit. chwech gwyr athrugeynt a deng Mil. Ac oblegyt y brutannyeit y collet bledrys tywyssauc kernyw a llawer y gyt ac ef. ac vn or gwyr teckaf oed a phennaf a gynheuliis yr ymlad uu bledrys. Ac yna yd ymgynvllawt yr holl brutannyeit; hyt yngkaer lleon. Ac yno y caussant yn ev kynghor gwneithur Catvan vab Jago yn vrenhin.

A gwedy gwneithur Catvan yn vrenhin ymlit a oruc ef y saesson ar delflet yny aeth drwy hvmyr. Ac yna kynvllaw llu aoruc y delflet y ymlad a chatvan. A gwedy ev dyuot yn gyvagos y gyt; ytagnavedwyt wynt. Nyt amgen no gadu yr delflet tu draw y hvmyr; ac y Catvan or tu yma achoron y dyrnas yn ragor idaw. A gwedy ymrwymaw onadunt yny mod hwnnw drwy rwym a gwystlon; sef y daruu y rwng y delflet ay wreic briawt. o achos gorderch a oed ydaw. Ac ef a deholes y wreic briawt oe gyuoeth ahytheu yn veichiawc o honaw. Sef y doeth hitheu hyt yn llys catvan; y ervynneit idaw peri tagneved ydi. Ac ny wnay y delflet yr hynny dym. Sef ytrigawt hitheu yn llys catvan yny anet mab ydi. Ac yn yr vn nos honno y ganet mab y catvan oe wreic briawt. henw mab catvan oed catwallawn. henw mab ydelflet oed etwin. Ac ev kyt veithuyn a wneythpwyt yn llys catvan; yny oedynt gweission mawr. Ac yna ev hanvon hyt ar selyf brenhin llydaw y dysgu moes a mynvt a chyfreitheu llys. ac aruer o veirch ac arveu.Fol. 101 ac o bob dysg da or a oed yn llydaw. A llawen uu selyf vrthunt; ac anwil uuant ganthaw. A chynydu yno a orugant ar gampev da; hyt nat oed ym brwydyr ac ymlad deu wr well a digonei noc wynt yn reit arglwyd.

A gwedy marw catvan ac edelflet; y doethant wyntev olydaw. Pob vn onadunt yn lle y dat. Ac ymrwymaw yngkedymeithas a orugant; ual y buassei ev tadeu kyn noc wynt. Ac ymphen y dwy vlyned gwedy hynny yd erchys Etwyn canneat y Gatwallawn gwneithur coron ydaw val y gallei y wisgaw pan wnelei anryded yngwyluaev seint parth draw y hvmyr; val y gwnay yntev or tu yma. Ac yna y gyssodet oet dyd y ryngthunt am hynny; ar lan avon dulas; y dodi ar wyrda doetheon y dosparth ryngthunt am y neges honno. A gwedy ev dyuot hyt yno y ssyrthyawt kyssgu ar catwallawn. adodi yben a oruc ar vordwyt breint hir vab novyd ynei. Sef a oruc breint tra uuwyt yn ymgynghor am hynny; wylaw. a ssyrthiaw a oruc ydagreu oy lygeit yny wlychawt wyneb catwallawn ay varf. athra hynny dyffroi o dybygu bot glaw. ac edrych aoruc ar vreint; a govyn ydaw paham yd wylei. Defnyd wylaw heb ybreint a doeth ym ac yr bruttannyeit o hediw allan. canys rodeisti yr hynn oed o ragor teilyngdawt ytt ac yth genedyl. Ar hynn oed o vrdas ywch; yr yn oes Maelgwn gwyned hyt hediw. A hediw cannehadu yr saesson twyll wyr ysgymvn an fydlawn gwneithur brenhin onadunt ev hvnein.Fol. 101v wynt a ymgynullant y gyt. ac oresgynnant kwbyl o ynys brydein. oc ev twyll ac ev hystriw drwc. ac am hynny arglwyd: oed iawnach ytt ev hystwng nogyt ev kynnydu. Ac eres na daw cof ytt arglwyd a wnaethant a gorthyrn gorthenev; pan y hettelhiis ef wynt yn rith wyr kywyr fydlawn crededvn y ymlad gyt ac ef. Aphan gaussant wyntev gyntaf lle ac amser; wynt adattodassant ev twyll ac ev brat y daly drwc dros da. Pan ladassant tywyssogeon ynys brydyn yn salysburi oc ev twyll: a daly gortheyrn a dwyn y vrenhiniaeth yarnaw. A gwedy hynny y gwnaethant brat emreis wledic ay lad a gwenwyn. Agwedy hynny ylladassant vthyr bendragon a gwenwyn hevyt. Agwedy hynny y torrassant ev fyd ac ev haruoll am duhvnaw gyt a medrawt yn erbyn arthur. Ac yn diwethaf oll y dugant gormwnt brenhin or affric y oresgyn yar geredic y gyuoeth ac ywdehol ohonei yn waradwidus. A gwedy tervynv o breynt ar y amadrawd; yd anvones catwallawn kennadev y venegi y etwyn nat yttoed yny gynghor canheadu vn goron yn ynys brydein o nyt coron lvndein. Sef y dywat etwyn ygwnay ef coron ydaw; bei drwc bei da gan gatwallaun. Sef y dywat catwallawn y lladei yntev yben yadan y goron os gwisgei o vewn y tervynev ynys brydein. Ac o hynny allan y kynydawt tervysg ryngthunt vwy vwy. a chan mwyaf ev gwyr wynt ev hvn o bobtu yn annoc hynny.Fol. 102 Eny gynullawt pob vn onadunt y llu mwiaf a gavas. A gyssot oet kyfranc ryngthunt. Ac yny kyfranc hwnnw y goruu Etwin. A gyrru catwallaun ar ffo hyt yn Iwerdon.

Ac yna y goresgynnws Etwin drwy llad allosgi kwbyl o gyvoeth catwallawn. A thra yttoed etwin yn hynny; yd oed catwallaun yn keisiaw dyuot y ynys brydein heb tygieit ydaw. Canys pa le bynnac y keisiei ef dyuot yr tir; yd oed dewynn y etwin a elwyt pellicus. A hwnnw oe dewindabaeth ar esgill yr adar. ac ar kerdedeat y sser. y parei hwnnw bot etwin ay holl allu yny ludyas yr tir. Pan welas catwallawn hynny anobeithiaw yn vaur aoruc. o dybygu na chaffei byth dim oe gyuoeth. Sef y cafas yny gynghor mynet hyt yn llydaw. y gwynaw urth selyf vrenhin llydaw; ac y ervyn nerth ydaw achynghor y geisiau y gyuoeth drachevyn. Ac val ydoed ef ay lynghes ganthaw yn mynet tu allydaw; y nychaf gwint gwrthpwith yn dyuot ydunt. ac yn ev gwasgaru heb drigaw yr vn onadunt gyt ay gilid. A diruawr ovyn agymyrth llywyd y llong yd oed catwallawn yndi; athynnv yllyw y mewn a oruc. a gadel y duw a nerth y tonnev ev dwyn fford y trossei ev tynghetvenev wynt. Athra uu nos ny wybuant dim oc ev damchwein. A phan uu dyd wynt aweleint ynys vychan: ac o breid y caussant y tir yno. Sef oed henw yr ynys hono garnarei. A gwedy ev dyuot yr tir klevychu a oruc catwallawn o orthrwm heynt.Fol. 102v gyt a goveilieint a gymyrth yndaw am wasgaru y llynghes o echryslawn wint. a thymhestyl mordwy. hyt na allei ef mwynhau na bwyt na diawt teir nos athri diev ar vn tu. Ac yny petwared dyd y doeth arnaw chwant kic hely. Sef a oruc breint yna kymryt y vwa ay saetheu a mynet y rodiaw yr holl ynys y geissiaw ergyt y gwydlwdyn heb gaffel dym. Ac yna tristau a oruc breint yn vaur. Sef y cavas yn y gynghor torri achyllell dryll o gehyr y vordwit; a rodi hwnnw ar ver ay bobi drwy amriw o lyssieuoed da. Ay dwyn y gatwallawn yn rith kic gwydlwdyn. A gwedy bwytta peth o honaw; dywedut aoruc vrth y dylwith. na chaussei eryoet kic vn vlas ac ef. Ac ny bu pen y tridiev gwedy hynny; yny gyuodes yn holl iach. A phan gaussant gyntaf gwint yawn; hwiliaw a orugant hyt yn llydaw. Ac yr lle a elwir kytdalet y doethant y dir. Agwedy menegi hynny y Selyf llawen uu vrthunt ac ev gwahawd attaw tra vynneint trigaw yny wlat. A gwedy gwybot ystyr ev neges o honaw; adaw a oruc ydunt y kynghor ar kymmorth goreu or a allei ef yn dirion garedic. Athost oed ganthaw gallu o ystrawn genedyl gyrru brenhin y bruttanyeit o ynys brydein oe anvod; a phob ynys yny chylch yn gallu ymgadw rac y saesson onyt ynys brydeyn. A menegi ydunt yr pan doeth Maxen wledic a chynan meiriadauc gyntaf y lydaw a dyledogeon ynys brydein. ynys brydein gyt ac wynt:Fol. 103 ny bu yr hynny hythediw yno a allei gynydu breint na y gynal. Ac am hynny drwc yw gennyfi auch bot mor wan ac na ellwch ymdiala ac wynt. Pan daruu y selyf tervynv ar y ymadraud; kywilydiaw aoruc catwallawn adiolwch ydaw y dirionwch ay enryded. A dywedut vrthaw val hyn. Arglwyd heb ef na vit ryved gennyt bod yn llesc y bobyl a edewit yn ynys brydein; canyt edewyt yno vn gwr bonhedic namyn a doeth ymma gyt a maxen a chynan meiriadauc. A phan aeth medeant yr ynys yn llaw anyledogeon llesc diwibot; ny medrassant na y llywyaw na y chynnal. namyn ymrodi yormorder o vwyt a diawt. aforthmonnaeth agodineb gwraged. achynnal ryvic yndunt o hyder ev mynws val y gwna pob milein. A gwneithur val y dywat gildas; nyt amgen no chynnal y pechodeu ymplith y kynnedloed. a hynny a ystwg byt oll oe olwc. Sef yw hynny cassau gwirioned achynnal y kelwyd yr da. a chymryt da dros drwc. Ac enrydedu enwired dros hygarwch. ac aruoll diawl dros anghel da. ac urdaw brenhined creulon a wneit o dryc ystriw. ac o bei vn gwr ffydlon y wrthot; a theiru y vot yn vradwr. Ac ny myneint dim y gan vedic yr holl wirioned; mwy noc ymyn vn milein kybyd. Ac am hynny arglwyd na vyt ryved gennyt ti vot yn gas gan duw y genedyl truan a wnei velly. a rodi ohonaw ystrawn gynedloed yn bennaf arnadunt y dial y pechodeu hynny. Ac am hynny arglwyd y deuthym mynnev ymma y ym gystlwn kerennyd athydy.Fol. 103v Canys Maelgwn gwyned oed petweryd brenhin gwedy arthur ar ynys brydein. A deu vab a uu ydaw Eynion a Rvn a mab y Run oed beli. a mab y veli oed Iago. amab y iago oed catvan vyn tat ynnev. A Run gwedy marw eynion y vraut; ay dehol yntev or saeson hyt ymma. Ef a rodes y verch y hywel vychan vab hywel vab emyr llydaw; y gwr a uu gyt ac arthur yn goresgyn llawer o wladoed. Ac yr verch honno y bu vab a elwit alan o hywel vychan; a mab yr alan hwnnw oed hywel dy tat tytheu arglwyd. A gwr kadarn grymmvs oed hwnnw; allyna yn deu dat yn deu gyuerderw. Ac yno y trigws catwallawn y gaeaf hwnnw gyt a selyf. Ac yna y caussant yn ev kynghor ellwng breint hir hyt yn ynys brydein y warandaw chwedleu y wrth Etwin ac y wrth y dewin. A gwedy y dyuot hyt yn ynys brydein: ef adoeth hyt yngkaer efvrawc lle yd oed y brenhin yna. yn rith reidus a bagyl yny law. a ssoch haearn ar y ben. A gwedy y dyuot ymplith y reydusseon; ef a welei y chwaer yn dyuot or llys allestyr yny llaw y gyrchu dwfyr yr vrenhines o ffynhawn a oed ger llaw yllys. Ar vorwyn honno a dugassei etwin o gaervraghon ywassanaethu y vrenhines. A gwedy ymwelet onadunt ac ymdidan yn ofnauc; menegi a oruc y vorwyn y vreint anssawd y llys oll. adangos ydaw y dewin. Aphanrannawd y dewin yr alwissenev yr tlodyon; ef anessaws breint attaw aphan gavas kyflwr gyntaf:Fol. 104 ef awant y dewin trwydaw ar bagyl yny gyll y eneit. ac yn divereauc ymlithraw ymplith y reiduseon ac adaw y vagyl yny dewin hyt na wybuwyt arnaw ef hynny mwy noc ar arall. Ac odyno y doeth breint hyt y lle yr adawssei vrth y chwaer dyuot pan vei nos. Canys pan uuessynt yn ymdidan ygwnaethessynt oet y dyuot pan vei nos hyt yn ymmyl hen demphyl y ymdidan y gyt. Ac nychavas y vorwyn dyuot or llys allan; o achos llad ydewin a dodi gwerssyllev ac amgen caeadeu ar y pyrth y nos honno no nos arall aorugant. A gwedy gwelet o vreint nat yttoed y chwaer yn dyuot attaw. Mynet aoruc hyt yngkaer exon. A dyvynnv attaw llawer or bruttanyeit achadarnhau y dinas ar gaer a orugant; ac anvon hyt yn llydaw yvenegi y catwallawn ry lad y dewin. Ac erchi ydaw o charei ef ynys brydein; dyuot ydi val y galley gyntaf. Ac yntev abarei rebudiaw y bruttanyeit: y ev bot yn barawt yn erbyn y dyuodeat ef. Sef a oruc peanda tywyssauc y saesson pan gigleu ef hynny; kynullaw llu aoruc mwiaf ac y gallawd a dyuot y ymlad a chaer exon. A phan gigleu catwallawn hynny; ef adoeth y ynys brydein a deng mil o varchogeon arvauc yn borth ydaw y gan selyf brenhin llydaw. Ac ny orffwissws yny doeth y gaer exon. Ac yna bydinaw y wyr yn bedeir bydin; ac yna ymgyrchu aorugant ac ymlad yn gadarn.Fol. 104v Ac yny lle y dalpwyt peanda a llad kwbyl oe lu. Ac yna ybu dir y peanda gwrhau y catwallawn arodi gwistlon ar y ffythlondeb idaw. Ac yna yd anvones catwallawn ar gwbyl or bruttannyeit y dyuot attaw wrth vynet am ben etwin drwy hvmyr. Pan gigleu etwin kynullav llu a oruc ynteu adyuot yny erbyn hyt yn maes het ffelt. ac yna ymlad ac ef yn wychyr creulon tra dygyws ydaw. Ac yny lle y llas etwin achan mwiaf y lu. ac yna y llas offric vab etwin. adeu neieint idaw. a gotbolt brenhin orc. ac eanda brenhin yscotlont a phaub or a dathoed yn borth ydunt alas yn llwyr.

A gwedy goruot o gatwallawn yna; keissiav aoruc dilehu y saesson drwy greulonder. Nyt amgen noc ev llad ac ev llosgi; a gellwg beichiogieu y saesnesseu oc ev crotheu yr llaur achledyfeu ac achyllill. ac velly y keisswys ef ev dehol wynt o ynys brydein. A gwedy gwelet or saesson hynny; yn ev kynghor y caussant dethol Oswallt yn vrenhin arnadunt yn lle etwin. y geissiaw gwrthnebu creulonder catwallawn; ac ny thygyei ydunt. namyn ev kymhell ar ffo o le i le: gan ev llad yn olofrud. Ac yna y ffoassant hyt y Mur awnathoed seuerus amherrawdyr ruvein gynt rwng deivyr a bryneich. Ac yna yd anvones catwallawn peanda aran vaur y gyt ac ef or llu; y ymlad ac oswallt. A gwedy ev dyvot hyt yno;Fol. 105 y ogilchynv a oruc peanda ydaw rac y didor yganthaw. yny lle a elwyr yn saesnec hevyn felt; ac yn gkymraec maes nefawl. Sef a oruc. oswallt yna dyrchauel delw y groc; a dywedut wrth y gedymeitheon val hyn. Digwydwch ar dal awch glinniev oc awch llwyr dilhewyt; a gwediwch duw holl gyuoethauc hyt pan vo ef awch rydhao y gan y llu syberw rackw. ac y gan y tywyssauc creulon. nyt amgen peanda. Canys duw a wyr panyw amdiffin iechit an kenedyl ydem ny. Athrannoeth y bore y kyuodes oswallt ay lu achyrchu ev gelynyon gan ym diriet yn duw. Ac oswallt a oruu y dyd hwnnw. Pan gigleu catwallawn hynny kynullaw llu aoruc amynet y ymlit oswallt; ay odiwes yny lle aelwyt bwrrnei. Ac yno y lladawt peanda oswallt vrenhin. Sef oed oet crist yna; deudeng mlyned adeugeint a chwechant. A gwedy llad oswallt ydoeth osswyd ael win yn vrenhin braut osswallt. Sef aoruc hwnnw gwedy y vynet yn vrenhin kynullaw swllt; ac anvon llawer o hwnnw y catwallawn canys goruchel vrenhin oed ar gwbyl o ynys brydein. Ac yna gwrhau a oruc osswyd ydaw achymodi ac ef. Sef y kyuodes deu neieint meibion y vraut y ryuelu ar oswyd. A gwedy na thygiawt ydunt ymlad ac ef; wynt a doethant ar peanda brenhin mers y ervynneit nerth idaw y ryuelu ac osswyd. Ac y dywat peanda na lavassei torri a chatwallawn yr hyn a adaus sei idaw tra vey vew heb y ganeat.Fol. 105v Aphan doeth gwylua y sulgwyn daly llys a oruc catwallawn yn llundein. A gwisgaw coron am y ben achwbyl oe dywyssogeon kymre asaesson a doethant yno. or a oed yn ynys brydein. onyt osswyd ehvn. Ac yna y govynnws peanda yr brenhin paham na doeth osswyd yno; am y vot yn glaf heb y brenhin. nagef ysgwir arglwyd heb y peanda. Ef a anvones attafi kennadeu y erchi ymy dyhvnaw ac ef; vi am gallu ydial yvraut. Ac am na dyhuneisi ac evo; ef a yrrawt kennadeu y germania y wahawd y saesson attaw y dial y vraut arnafi ac arnat tytheu arglwyd. Ac weldy yna ef yn torri y dagneued ar hedwch yn ynys brydein: pan deholes y deu neieint. aphan geissiawd vnoliaeth genyfynev arglwyd yth erbyn di. A dyro dythe ymynnev arglwyd canneat yw lad os gallaf nev yntev yw dehol o ynys brydein. Ac yna ygelwis ybrenhin ygynghor attaw y wybot peth a wnelei am hynny; ac y dywat Moredud brenhin divet vrthaw. Arglwyd heb ef paham ytorreyst ar darpar kyntaf avynnassut am y saesson; ac nyt oed reit onyt ev divetha yn gwbyl or ynys. Achanys hynny yw arglwyd; dyro ditheu caneat y peanda mynet y ymlad ac ef. val y llado pob vn onadunt y gilid. canys ny dyly an ffydlawn cadw fyd vrthaw. ac velly y gellir ev dilev wynt oll or ynys honn. Ac yna y cavas peanda caneat y ryvelu ar osswyd: ac yna ydaeth ef a llu mawr drwy hvmyr ganthaw adechreu llad allosgi ar gyuoeth osswyd.Fol. 106 Ac yna anvon aoruc osswyd attaw. y gynnyc eur ac areant ydaw a thlysseu yr hynn a vynnei ehvn yr hedwch y ganthaw: ac ny mynnei ef dym namyn ryuelu racdaw. Sef o oruc osswyd yna dodi ar duw ydervynv ryngthunt: a mynet y ymlad ac ef ar lan avon a elwit wynnet. ac yno yllas peanda. Sef oed oyt crist yna trugeint Mlyned a chwechant. A gwedy llad peanda y rodes catwallawn y gyuoeth y wlfryt y vab: ac yntev ay kymyrth ac a wnaeth gwrrogeaeth idaw. Ac yna y daeth hwnnw ac etbert tywyssauc keint y ryuelu ar osswyd. ac or diwed y peris catwallawn ydunt kymodi. Ac yna y bu catwallawn yn gwledychu yn dagnavedus caredic: ac yn bennaf brenhin yn ynys brydein. ac yn eidaw coron y deyrnas. wyth mlyned a deugeint. ac yny ymdreiglwis yn heneint. Ac yny pymthecvet dyd o vis tachwed y bu varw. Ac y kymyrth y bruttanyeit y gorff ay iraw ac ireidiev gwyrth vaur. ay dodi mewn delw o lattwn dinewedic a wnathoedyt o aniffic kywreinrwyd. Ar delw honno a ossodat ar varch dinewedic o lattwn tec vch penn y porth yn llvndein y tu ar gorllewyn yr aruthret yr saesson. Ac a danav ynteu yno y gwnaethpwyt eglwys. ay kyssegru yn enw duw a marthyn. Ac yno y kenyt efferennev dros eneit catwallawn. A merdyn emrys a daroganws. y tywyssauc evydaul.Fol. 106v a geidiw pyrth llundein. d c.lv[ ]

Ac yn nessaf y gatwallawn y doeth Catwaladyr vendigeit y vab yntev yn vrenhin. Ac y bu deudeng mlyned yn frwithlawn dagnavedus yn kynnal coron y deyrnas ay llywodraeth. Ac yna y klevychws catwaladyr o orthrwm heint; ac y bu yn glaf yn hir. Ac yna yd enynnws teruysc yrwg y bruttanyeit ev hvneyn. Mam catwaladyr oed chwaer y peanda o vn dat ac ef. Ay mam hitheu oed wreic vonhedic o deledogeon erging ac evas. A phan gymodes catwallawn a pheanda gynt: y kymmyrth ef honno yn wreic idaw. a honno oed vam y catwaladyr. Ac yna y gyt ac ev tervysc: ef a doeth arnadunt ball a newyn girat. Ac ev llad yn olofrud; a hynny yn dial y gan duw holl kyuethawc arnadunt: am ev pechodeu. ac ev gormod ssyberwyt. Ac yna dros wyneb ynys brydein ny cheffyt vn tammeit or bwyt: onyt a geffyt o gic hely mevn diffeith coydyd nev forestev. Ac yd oed yvall yn gyngadarnet: hyt na alley y rei bew cladu y rei meiriw. Ac aallws onadunt mynet y wladoed ereill: wynt a aethant adan gwynvan a drycghyrverth. Adywedut wrth duw: ti an rodeist ni ymma. mal deveit yn uwyt yr bleidiev. Ac an gwasgereyst ni ymma; mal y gwasgarei y bleidiev y deveit y amryuaelion wladoed. Sef y perrys catwaladyr yna. parattoi llynghes ydaw ehvn. a mynet y tu a llydaw adan gwynvan val hynn. Gwae ni pechadurieit rac amlet yn pechodeu y rei y codassam ny duw onadunt tra yttoedym yn caffel yspeit y ev penydyaw:Fol. 107 ac y ymwneithur aduw amdanadunt. Ac am hynny y mae duw yn an dehol ny oc an gwir dylyet. Ac ny allws na gwyr ruvein na neb ryw genedyl vyt yn dehol ny or ynys honn; nac yn gwasgaru val hynn; namyn duw ehvn. Ac am hynny ymchwelet yr ysgottieit ar twyllwyr saesson y ynys brydeyn weitheon; canys diffeith yw oe phobyl dyledauc. A choffaent hagen nac wynt an deholes ny o ynys brydein: namyn duw ehvn. (dc.lxxxi.) Ac yna yd aeth catwaladyr hyt yn llydaw. ar alan vrenhin llydaw. a nei oed hwnnw y selyf. allawen uu alan wrthaw. Ac yna nyt edewyt yn ynys brydein rwng ball a newyn: namyn a allws kyrchu y diffeith coedyd y ymborth ar gic hely. Ac vn vlwydyn ardec y parhaws y vall honno yn ynys brydein. Ar hynn a dienghys or saesson yna: wynt a anvonnassant hyt yn germania y venegi vot ynys brydein yn wac. Ac erchi ydunt dyuot y gymryt yr ynys yn rat. Sef a oruc y bobyl ysgymvn honno: kynvllaw aneirif onadunt o wyr agwraged. a dyuot yr gogled y dir: a chyvannedu y wlat or alban hyt yngkernyw. canyt oed neb ay lludiei. Ac o hynny allan y colles y bruttanyeit ev llywodreath ar ynys brydein. (dc.lxxxiii) Ac ym penn ysbeit gwedy hynny y kigleu catwaladyr peidiaw or vall: ac yd erchys ef nerth y alan y vynet y oresgyn ynys brydein iar y paganieit aoed yny chyvanhedu. Ac ynteu ay hedewys idaw. A phan oed alan yn lyhudyaw y gyuoeth: a chatwaladyr yn parattoi y llynghes.Fol. 107v Sef y klywei llef anghel or nef yn dywedut wrthaw. ac erchi ydaw nat aruaeth ev mynet y ynys brydein; canys ny mynnei duw gwledychu or bruttanyeit yno. yny delei yr amser a darogannws Merdyn emreis ger bron gortheyrn gwrthenev. Ac yna yd erchys yr anghel y gatwaladyr mynet hyt yn ruvein ar Sergius bab y ev benydiaw; ac ef a rivyt yno yrwng y rei gwynvydedic. Ac yna y dywat yr anghel ymae drwy evyrllit y ffyd ef; y caffei y brutannyeit llywodraeth ynys brydein. Pan darffei idaw ef eflenwi yr amser tynghetvenawl. Ac ny byd hynny yny del esgyrn catwaladyr y ynys brydein o ruvein. A hynny a geffir or diwed: pan dangosser esgyrn y seint oll agudiwyt rac ovyn y paganyeit yn ruvein. A phan gaffer hynny: y keif y brutannyeit ev hen deilyngdaut a medyant cwbyl o ynys brydein. Pan daruu yr anghel tervynv ar y ymadrawd: y doeth catwaladyr hyt ar alan vrenhin llydav. amenegi idaw cwbyl or hynn adywedassei yr anghel wrthaw. Ac yno y kymyrth alan attaw holl llyffrev darogannev Merdyn emreis. ar hwnn yr eryr. achathleu sibilla: y edrych agyt retteint a geiriev yr anghel. A phan y gwelas yn kyt rydec da uu ganthaw; ac annoc y catwaladyr vynet yn ruvein. Ac anvon Iuor y vab ac ynyr y nei y geisiau kynnal ynys brydein o waet ac owir dylyet rac mynet gwelydon ar y brutannyeit. Ac yno yd ymwrthodes catwaladyr a phob kyffryw beth bydawl:Fol. 108 a hynny o gareat duw. Ac yna yd aeth ef hyt yn ruvein; val yd erchis yr anghel idaw. Sef oed hynny teir blyned aphedwar vgeint. a chwechant o oet crist. Ac yno y bu yn vew pymp mlyned. Allawen uu y pab wrthaw: ac ay cadarnhaws ef ymplith y seynt gleyneon. Ac yna y kleuychws ef o orthrwm heint. Ac yny deudecvet dyd o vis racvir y bu varw. ac ydaeth y eneit y nef. Sef oed hynny wyth mlyned aphetwar vgeint a chwechant o oet crist.

A phan aeth catwaladyr y ruvein o lydaw: y doeth Iuor vab alan ac ynyr y nei allynghes ganthunt hyt yn ynys brydein y ryvelu ar saesson: ac ny dygrynhoes ydunt dim. Canyt adaussei ball a newyn dim haeach or brutanyeit yn vew. ar rei hynny ar daroed ev dehol y ran kamber or ynys. Ac ny elwyt wynt yn vryttannyeit yna: namyn yn gymre. Ac o hynny allan y goruc y saesson yn diveryauc; kynnal tagneued ryngthunt ev hvneyn. Adiwyll ytiroed goreu; ac adeiliat kestill. achaeroed. a dinessyd. Ac val hynny y byriassant medyant y bruttannyeit iarnadunt: ac o hynny allann y colles y kymry ev breint. ac y bu dir ydunt godef saesson yn bennaf arnadunt. Ar tywyssogeon a uuant ar gymre gwedy hynny pob eilwers: a orchmyneis ynnev y garadauc o lan garban. vyng kyt oesswr y oed hwnnw. Ac ydaw ef yd edeweis y defnyd y ysgrivennv brenhined y saesson o hynn allan; a ffeidyaw or kymre.Fol. 108v Canyt ydiw ganthunt y llyvyr kymraec yr hwnn a ymchweylws Gwallter archdiagon ryt ychen o ladyn yng kymraec. Ac ef ay traethws yn wir ac yn gwbyl o herwyd ystoria y racdywededigeon kymre. A hynny oll adatymchweilieis ynnev o gymraec yn lladyn. Ac velly yteruyna ystorea brutus.

Pandrasus, King of Greece. Brutus, prince of the remnants of the Trojan nation, sends greeting.46b Since it was unsuitable / for the renown of the race of Dardanus to spend their lives in your kingdom otherwise than as befits the renown of their lineage, the princely race has sought the forests in which to hide themselves, choosing to live like animals on uncooked flesh and plants and to maintain their lives in freedom, rather than suffer what they did under the form of captivity to you and support themselves on every sort of voluptuousness. And if that raises the dignity of your possession
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you should neither punish them nor reproach them, but pardon them since it is a common urge for every prisoner to desire to return to his old dignity and his freedom. And therefore be moved by pity and deign to allow them, out of your abundance, the freedom that they have lost, and let them dwell in the wilderness that they have occupied [while] fleeing from their captivity. And if you will not do that, permit them with your good will and your permission to go to other countries to seek their freedom.

47And after the gist of the letter had been told to Pandrasus the Greek king, he was irate beyond measure, and he marvelled that they dared send such a letter / as this. And then he assembled an army without delay to come against them to kill them without mercy.1 And after they had come to a river—Ascalon was its name—they rushed into the river because of their anger and their vehemence. And after Brutus saw that they had got through the river, because of the notion that he could withstand them he fell among them, and his army with him, like an insatiable lion among a lot of sheep; and with all his might he killed them without mercy.1 And those of them who were not killed were driven to the river to be drowned. And after Antigonus, brother to Pandrasus the Greek king, had seen this slaughter, he drew aside, and his leading men with him, to try to defend themselves. And then Antigonus, Pandrasus’s brother,2 and Anacletus, his companion,
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were captured and the rest were killed. And when it was night, Pandrasus sought out his scattered army, and they encamped there that night. And he was more grieved over losing Antigonus his brother than over the whole army. And the next day, after deliberating, they decided to attack the castles of Assara/cus,47b thinking that the prisoners were there. And after they had fought against the castles for three days in every sort of way, and the men within had fought them bravely and laboriously, they sent to Brutus to ask him to come to defend them, for, because of the great numbers outside, they could not resist them. And then, after consultation, Brutus decided to take Anacletus aside to ask him which he preferred, his life and that of Antigonus his companion, and their freedom, or to suffer the pain of death. And he chose their lives. And then Brutus said to him, “You must do as I command in every respect.” And he gave his oath and his pledge that he would do everything he was ordered to. And then Brutus said to him, “When it is night you must go to the army of King Pandrasus, and when the sentries come to seize you,1 tell them that you have broken away from prison, and that you yourself carried Antigonus into a wooded glen by the road; and because of the weight of the iron you could not carry him any further, and ask them to come / with you to get him.48 And so2 if they try to awaken any of the army tell them there is no need of that but to come themselves.”


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And when it was night, Anacletus went as Brutus had ordered him, and he did everything in the way he had been told to, until he came to the wooded glen, and there he called to Antigonus. And then Brutus came with his army and killed them so that not a man of them escaped alive. And from there Brutus and his army came to the place where the army of Pandrasus the Greek king was about the castle of Assaracus. And then he commanded every man of them not to speak1 a single word until they heard his horn. And after they had heard the sound of2 his horn, he told every man to rush the tents and kill as many of them as he could. And after Brutus had come to the door of the tent of King Pandrasus, he blew his horn and slit the tent, and captured Pandrasus the Greek king. And then all fell upon the tents and killed as many as they could until the next day dawned. And the men in the castles came out on the other side and killed as many of them as they could,48b without / pity.3 And if one of them tried to flee, he fell over sharp stones so that he was in little pieces. And so Brutus conquered them, and they suffered4 their deaths as was fated. And the next morning, when it was day, every one marvelled that the slaughter was so great, and then Brutus thanked each of his men for his service.

And then he took counsel as to what he should do about Pandrasus the Greek king. Some advised him to take the wild woods they had occupied,
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to dwell in freely; others advised taking a third part of the kingdom, to dwell freely in that. And then a wise man among them said that they could not live together permanently in peace in the same kingdom. The reason was that when they remembered the slaughters and the massacres that had been inflicted upon them, they would keep it in their hearts until they got an opportunity to avenge themselves.1 And after a long time had elapsed and the people had grown more numerous, and war sprang up between them, it would not be / surprising, either,49 if two thirds of the island should defeat the other third, “and our chance would then be worse than it was before. And it is better now, since we have defeated them, to take from Pandrasus the Greek king his daughter Ignogen as a wife for Brutus our prince, and plenty of gold and silver and wine and wheat and horses and arms, and ships to take us to another island where God may will us to dwell in peace forever.” And after they had regarded2 everything, they fixed on this advice. And then they sought Pandrasus the Greek king, to ask him if he would do what they wanted, in return for sparing his life and his kingdom. And he promised them everything, for he was in their power. And then they told him their desire as has been mentioned above, and he was forced to submit to them. And he offered half of his kingdom for the sake of having his daughter live in the same island as himself. And they did not want it.3


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And after their supplies were ready they sought their ships and Ignogen with them, and no one was able to still her lamenting and weeping until they came to the bosom of the deep so that she did not see the land. And then a deep sleep fell upon her from extreme weariness and she slept. The number of ships that came with them from Greece were three hundred twenty-four, full of tried1 men and arms and horses and gold and silver and wine and wheat. And they came to Lygesti which was a deserted island that had once been inhabited, and there many of them went ashore to see the condition of the land and to hunt, because they were fond of woods and forests with wild animals in them.50 And there they found an old temple / that had been built in olden times in which to sacrifice to the goddess Diana. And in coming to the ships they killed a white hind, and they took it as a gift to Brutus and told him the condition of the land. And they asked him to go to pay homage to the gods before he went further. And then Brutus took with him Gerio the diviner and twelve of the elders and whatever was needful for the services. And after they had come to the temple, he twined2 a crown of laurel about his head before the door of the temple, as the custom of the old ritual was, and he lighted three blazes of fire to the three gods, Jupiter, Mercury, and Diana, and to each one of them he made appropriate sacrifice. And then Brutus took in his right hand the vessel of the sacrifice, full of wine and the blood of the white hind, and he raised his face
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toward the goddess and spoke in this manner, “Is it thou, powerful goddess, terror of the woodland dwellers, to whom is given leave to walk the paths of air? Thou givest obligations to the earth and to heaven.50b Say what land thou wishest us to dwell in; tell of / our certain seat from which I may honor thee forever and build1 to thee honorable temples of virgin choirs.” And having said that nine times, he circled the altar four times, and he poured out the wine that was in his hand on the fire before the altar. And then he lay down on the skin of the white hind that he had spread out before the altar. And after he had been overcome by sleep he slept heavily.2 And so when a third of the night was past he saw in his sleep Diana speaking to him in this fashion: “Brutus,” said she, “beneath the west, beyond France, there is an island in the ocean that was inhabited of old by giants; now it is deserted except for twenty giants that inhabit it; and that island3 will be suitable for you and for your nation to dwell in, and Albion is its name, that was4 in Welsh the White Island.”

And after Brutus had arisen, he told his companions the vision he had seen, and they sought their ships, giving thanks to the gods, and they hoisted their sails and plowed the seas for the space of5 thirty days / on end until they came to Africa.51 And thence they came to the Altars of the Philistines and thence they came along the Lake of the Willows, and thence they came between Rusiccada and Mount Azare, and there they
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fought with the tribe of the Piratae, and Brutus defeated them. And thence they came through the River Malve, and thence they came to the land of Mauritania and ravaged it from sea to sea. And thence they came to the Pillars of Hercules, and there they had much trouble with the sea-maidens singing songs until all who heard them were compelled to sleep; and then they came1 aboard the ships to try to sink and drown them, until the men were obliged to melt wax in their ears2 and fight with them with the force of all their weapons; and they barely escaped from them. And thence they came to the Tyrrhene Sea, and beside this sea they came among four tribes of the Trojan race, of those who earlier had fled with Antenor after the destruction of Troy.51b And after the two races had made inquiries concerning each other3 / they knew each other. And at that time Corineus was prince over them, and he was the strongest man, and the bravest, in this world. And after he and Brutus had come to know each other, they loved each other inseparably from that time on. And from there they went together to Anjou to the mouth of the Loire. And there they were continuously for a week. And after this had been told to Goffar the Pict, king of that country, he sent messengers to ask them to leave the country,4 and unless they left the country of their own good will he would drive them out5 against their will. And when the messengers came there, Corineus was
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hunting in1 a forest and killing the wild animals. And when the messengers knew that, they came to the forest to try to capture him and take him with them to prison. And since Corineus would not submit to them, one of them2—Imbert was his name—shot at him with an arrow, and Corineus dodged the arrow, and before he could shoot the second, Corineus hit him with his own bow so that he broke his head in pieces, and the others fled to Goffar the Pict and told him all / that had happened to them. And Goffar was much offended at that,52 and he mustered all his kingdom and came against Brutus and ordered him to surrender himself and all his men to prison for coming into his kingdom without permission, and hunting his forests and killing his men; and if he did not give himself up willingly he would compel him against his will by force of arms. And after Brutus had advised with his council, he refused the whole demand.

And then Goffar mustered his army and Brutus mustered his. And3 the leader of Goffar’s first army was Siward, his high steward, and he was the strongest man in France. And against him came Corineus and his army, and then there was a mighty battle,4 and a fierce, between the armies injuring each other; and then Siward was killed. And so closely were the armies mixed together that Corineus lost his sword. And he chanced upon5 a two-edged ax, and where he struck with it nothing stopped it until it reached the ground; and with this he put to flight the three hundred knights, and they did not know that
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the whole army was not following them and killing them, until he called out to them and / chided them because three hundred men fled before one man.52b And then they tried to turn about, and they had no success. And then Goffar the Pict and those of his men1 who escaped fled to the twelve peers of France to complain that a foreign invasion had come and driven him out of his country, and to ask them, for God’s sake, to defend him and his realm. And each one of them pledged himself to him. And when Brutus knew this, he had a castle made for him to guard against an attack of his enemies in a place where Homer built a city afterwards as he says himself. And when Goffar heard that, he grieved more over it than he had over all the affronts to him before that. And then they gathered together all their might from France to expel Brutus from the island. And when they had come there, Brutus and his army came against them and there the two armies rushed together until their monstrous din2 was heard on the earth and their spears breaking [were heard] in the firmament of the air, and they shrieking in suffering the agony of death on all sides so that no one could describe it. And after much of the day had passed in this fashion3 the Britons were forced to4 retreat to the castle because the French were too numerous.53 / And that night Corineus and three thousand armed men came secretly to a wooded glen and lay hid there until the next day. And when the next day dawned, Brutus and his army came, and against him came Goffar and his army and the twelve peers of France and their armies,
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and there they fought boldly and fiercely. And when they were doing each other most harm, behold Corineus and his army coming on the other side of them1 and killing them without mercy. And when the French saw this, they were disheartened and fled to various places as their fates directed them. And there2 fell Turnus, Brutus’s nephew, a young fellow and the mightiest man in the army except Corineus. And he slew3 six hundred men with his one sword before he was killed. And there he was buried, and the place has been called after his name from that day to this.

And after Brutus had got the victory there, he was advised, before he lost too many of his men, to go to the place where his design and his vision were [directing him.] And then they made their preparations and went to their ships, and sailed away toward the west until they came to the shore of Totnes, / and there they sent4 to see the state of the land.53b And after the state of the land had been reported to Brutus, he was well content, and they turned their ships to the land. And in the place where Brutus first landed he began5 a temple to the goddess Diana who had showed the vision to Brutus. And while he was making sacrifice to the gods, Corineus went to seek the giants in Cornwall, for he had heard that they were there. And when he arrived there, they had gone another way to look for Brutus and his army; and they made an attack on the army and killed many of them. And after this had been told
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to Brutus he did not come near them until he had finished the sacrifice. And then he drew up his army and came to fight with the giants. And then the giants were all killed except one—Gogmagog was his name—and he was twelve cubits tall and four broad, and he was the strongest man1 in the world. And for this reason Brutus had him left alive to fight with Corineus. And after Corineus came back from walking over the island, Brutus told him of his meeting with the giants, and Corineus was pleased with that. And then the great giant was taken up on top of a high flat rock on / the shore of the sea to fight with Corineus.54 And at the first touch the giant got him in a hand grasp under his two arms and squeezed him until he broke three of his ribs, one on the right side and two on the left. And then he lifted him up and struck him to the ground on his knees. And then Corineus got up quickly and angrily, and grasped the giant and squeezed him until he loosened all his grasp, and then he raised him on his shoulder and went with him to the shore of the sea, and from a high rock he threw him upon sharp stones so that he was in pieces before he reached the sea, and the waves of the sea were reddened with his blood. And from that day to this the place is called the Giant’s Leap. It was twelve hundred years after the water of the flood that Brutus first came to this island.

And then Brutus desired to do away with the name which the island had had before this—
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that was1 Albion—and2 to call it after his own name so that the race thereafter might remember that Brutus was the first who governed it. And then he gave the island the name of Britain, and the race that of Britons from that day on. And then he gave to Corineus the part / of the island that he should choose,54b and he chose the part that he had walked over and looked at. And then Corineus named his part3 of the island Cornwall after his own name, and the tribe Cornishmen from that day on. From there Brutus and his army came along the shore of a noble river—Thames was its name4—and when he saw a place suitable for building he made a city there and called it New Troy. And this name stuck to it until the time of Lud son of Beli son of Manogan. And after he had made the city, then Brutus slept with his wife Ignogen for the first time. And he had three sons by her, namely, Locrine, Camber, and Albanact. And after Brutus had ruled in peace over the Isle of Britain for twenty-four years, he died and was buried with honor in the aforementioned5 city which he himself had built.

And then the island was divided into three parts between the three brothers. That is, to Locrine for he was oldest—he got by ancient custom of the men of Greece the chief place which was Loegria as it bears6 its bounds from the Humber Sea to the Severn. And from his own name he called his part7 Loegria. And to Albanact came [the part] from the Humber / onwards,55 and
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from his own name he called his part of the island Albany. And to Camber came [the part] on the other side of the Severn, and he called his part Cambria from his own name. And after they had been thus a long time in peace, Humber King of Hainaut came with a fleet to land in Albany, after he had already ravaged Germany. And when Albanact knew of this he came with a small force to try to drive him from the land. And there was a fierce battle between them1 there, and a great slaughter; and then Albanact was killed and those of the army who escaped fled to Locrine. And when Locrine knew that, he sent to his brother Camber to tell it to him. And then by agreement they collected an army and came to Albany. And against them came Humber and his army, and there was a mighty battle there and a great slaughter on both sides. And at length Humber fled to seek his ships and he was not allowed [to reach them] but was driven into the river to drown. And from that time on the river has been called after his name—that is2 Humber—so that the race to come thereafter might remember that battle.

55bAnd after Locrine and his brother Camber / had won the victory they came to the place where Humber’s ships were. And in the ships they found three maidens of marvellous beauty, and the chief of the three was Iseult the daughter of the King of Germany, whom Humber had carried away when he ravaged that country. And then
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Locrine took Iseult as his concubine. And when Corineus knew that, he was angry because Locrine had previously promised to take his daughter Gwendolen as his lawful wife. And he sent to him and demanded that he send her away1 from the country.2 And when he did not send her away, Corineus assembled an army to attack Locrine and to compel him to drive her3 out of the country.2 And when Locrine knew this, he caused a vault to be made in a secret place and Iseult to be put in it without the knowledge of any one. And then he sent to Corineus to tell him that he had driven Iseult out of the island and to arrange a love feast between them.4 And when they had come to this appointment, Corineus came brandishing a5 two-edged battle-ax in his hand, and he said to him angrily,56 “Are you the wanton youth / who has insulted me and my daughter after I received so many wounds conquering a realm for you and for your father before you?” And thereupon6 he threatened to attack him with the ax. And then their companions7 came between them and made peace. And then Locrine took Corineus’s daughter Gwendolen as his wedded wife and his queen, and by her he had a son, Madoc was his name. And at the same time a daughter was born to Iseult and she was named Havren. And Locrine continued in this fashion for a long time, and under pretense of going to make sacrifice to the gods, he would go to Iseult when he went, and he would remain there two or three nights at a time8 without any one knowing anything about him until he came back. And after Corineus died he put away Gwendolen and raised
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Iseult to be queen. And thereupon Gwendolen went to Cornwall complaining to her kinsfolk, to tell them of the dishonor he had done her. And then, after deliberating, they decided to raise an army to avenge on Locrine the dishonor of their kinswoman. And when Locrine knew this,56b he too raised an army to oppose them. / And after the two armies had come together on the bank of a river—Sturham was its name—they shot great flights of arrows at each other, and there Locrine was slain by an arrow shot. And he had reigned for nine years previous to that time.

And after Gwendolen had won the victory she took the rule of the kingdom into her own hand; and she had Iseult and her daughter taken and drowned in the river which was the boundry between Cambria and Loegria, and from that time on had the name of the girl given to the river—that is Havren [Severn]1—to remind the people to come thereafter of these events. And then the river has been called Havren2 from that day to this. And after Gwendolen had reigned fourteen years after Locrine, she gave the government of the kingdom to Madoc son of Locrine,3 her son. And she took Cornwall as provision for her while she lived. And at this time Daniel the prophet ruled in the land of Judaea, and Silvius Aeneas in Italy, and Homer was reciting his poetry.

And after Madoc had been raised to be king,57 he married a wife / and had two sons by her. Their names were Member and Mael. And this Madoc
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reigned in peace and quiet for twenty-six years, and then he died. That was 1274 years after the water of the1 flood.

And after Madoc there arose dissension between his sons Member and Mael over the division of the kingdom. And after they had insisted on fighting, nobles came between them and appointed a day of reconciliation between them. And when they had come to this appointment,2 Member came and killed his brother Mael in a sudden cruelty; and then he took the kingdom into his own control entirely. And he became so cruel that he put to death most of the nobles of the island. And he left his lawful wife who had borne him a son whose name was Evroc,3 and he gave himself up to the sin of / Sodom, which was hateful to God.57bAnd one day when he was in a forest, after he had gone to hunt,4 he became separated from his men and he came to a wooded glen, and there came a plague of5 wolves to him there6 and they killed him dead.7 That was 1300 years after the flood, and he had reigned 26 years before that.8 At that time Saul was king in Israel and Eurystheus in Lacedæmon.

And after Member, his son Evroc took the kingdom and ruled it thirty-nine years. And he was the first man9 after Brutus who went with a fleet to fight with France; and he got the victory and subjugated it to himself. And at this time David the Prophet was king in Jerusalem, and Silvius Latinus
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in Italy,58 and Gad and Nathan and Asaph were prophesying / in Israel. And then the king built Evroc’s city [York], and Dumbarton, and the castle of Mount Agned which is now called the Castle of the Maidens and the1 Dolorous Mountain. And he had twenty sons by twenty wives that he had, and thirty daughters. The names of the sons were: Brutus Greenshield, Meredith, Cecil, Rhys, Morud, Bladud, Iago, Bodlan, Kingar, Spaden, Gwawl, Dardan, Eidol, Ivor, Hector, Kingu, Geraint, Rhun, Asser, Howel. The names of his daughters were: Glowgain, Ignogen, Eudas, Gwenllian, Gwawrdyd, Angharad, Gwendolen, Tangustel, Gorgon, Medlan, Mechael, Ovrar, Maelura, Camreda, Regan, Gwael, Ecub, Nest, Kein, Stadud, Evren, Blaengein,58b Avallach, Angaes, Galaes, (and she was the most beautiful girl ever seen in the Isle / of Britain in her days), Gwervyl, Perweur, Eurdrec, Edra, Anor, Stadyald, and2 Egron. And all these daughters Evroc sent to Silvius his kinsman, the king of Italy, to be given to the most worthy men of those descended from the race of Troy. And all of the sons except the oldest of them he sent to Italy with a fleet, to Silvius their kinsman,3 and Asser their brother was leader over them. And from there they went to Germany. And by the aid of Silvius they conquered that country and ruled it thereafter. Brutus Greenshield remained with his father in the Isle of Britain until his father finished his life. That was 1339 years after the flood.


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And after Evroc, his son Brutus Greenshield took the kingdom and ruled it in peace and quiet twelve / years after his father.59 And he loved truth and justice. And he had one son by his wedded wife, and Leon was his name. And then Brutus Greenshield1 died 13512 years after the flood.

And after Brutus Greenshield,1 his son Leon took the government of the island3 and ruled it a long time in peace and quiet. And he built a city in the north of the island and he called it by his own name Leon’s City. [Carlisle]. And this name has stuck to the city from that day to this. And after considerable time had elapsed, a grievous sickness fell upon him so that he could neither ride nor walk. And then there arose civil discord in the kingdom because of his weakness at the end of his life. And at that time Solomon the son of David was building the temple of Christ in Jerusalem, and Sibilla the Queen of Sheba came to listen to Solomon’s wisdom.59b / And after Leon had reigned twenty-five years he died. This was 13764 years after the flood.

And after Leon, his son Rhun Broadspear ruled forty years lacking one, and he brought the people to peace. And he built Canterbury, and Winchester, and the castle of Spearmount, which is called in English Shaftesbury. And while he was building this city the eagle prophesied and spoke predictions
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of the Isle of Britain, and the oracles were in this fashion.1

The Prophecy of the Eagle.

As the white expels the red dragon, so shall the dark overthrow the white. A wonderful dragon, the worst, shall fly, and with a breath of flaming fire from his jaws shall burn the whole island by its licking. From his loins shall come a ram with fine fleece,60 the blows / of whose horns shall darken in the east. Then shall come a bat with poisonous appearance, and with its sight it shall terrify faith and religion. Thence shall come a lion that shall draw nigh to the gleaming bat, and under its rule the stiffness of truth shall be corrupted. A crab from the sea shall draw nigh to the lion and under his authority liberty shall vanish from liberty. After the pickaxes have been turned into spears, a toothed boar shall draw nigh to the crab, and shall couch in the thick brambles and shall sharpen his teeth in the might of the kingdom. From the lust of the boar a cub shall be born, which shall give for the death of his father as for the death of a dog. The iniquity of the father shall take2 the sons, and the first of them shall rise suddenly to the summit of the kingdom, but like a flower of spring before his fruit he shall wither away. From the sin of the old the sons shall sin against the father and the first crime shall be the material of those that follow.60b Sons shall rise / against their father and to avenge the sin the bowels shall agitate against the womb. Blood shall rise against their blood until Albany weeps the penance of the pilgrim and there shall be desperate agony. Then shall come a mighty tumult of east wind and
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it shall rush to the west and shall uproot all the might of Ireland. Before that the princes shall bow, and after they have covenanted peace they shall love one another. Grief shall be turned into joy when they shall pierce the father in the belly of the mother. There shall draw near a lynx which shall descend from the seed of the lion, whose keenness shall pierce the strength of iron like that of stone. In his going Normandy shall leave the two islands, and by an enormous manner of change the sword shall be separated from the crown. Because of the discord of the two brothers, one who comes from another place shall reign.61 The chariot of the fifth shall be turned to the fourth and after his / own lines shall be raised up his shame which escapes1 shall trample on the kingdoms. In the last days of the white2 dragon his offspring shall be scattered in three parts. Part shall draw toward Apulia; with eastern wealth shall it be enriched. Part shall descend on Ireland; with western temperature shall it be delighted. The third part shall dwell in the profitless and desolate land that it shall obtain. A fiery ball shall descend from the east and shall swallow up Brittany round about. By its light birds shall fly to the island, and the greatest of them, when their wings are set on fire, shall fall into captivity. From that fire shall be engendered a spark, and at its tumult the islands shall be afraid. In the presence of the greatest the absent shall be seen, and the second coming shall be worse than the first. After the lion of truth is dead, the noble white king shall arise in the Isle of Britain, first flying, then riding, then
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61balighting, and / at this alighting he shall be caught in his vehicle. He shall be drawn thence and shall be pointed at with the finger and it shall be said that he is1 the blessed white king. Then shall his army be gathered together, and a hostage for him shall be taken. And then there shall be bargaining for men just as for an ox or a sheep. And men shall seek for an improvement on that, and there shall be none except head for head. And then the white one shall arise and shall come to the place where the sun rises, and the place where another sun falls. Then shall be said in the Isle of Britain, “A king who is no king.” After this he shall raise up his head and shall show that he is a king by many hideous deeds and not by one profitable one. After many shall be cut there shall be no restoration. Then shall be the world of the kites, and what every one shall take away by force shall be his own, and that shall last seven years. And there shall be violence and shedding of blood, and ovens shall be compared to the churches.62 And what one sows, another shall reap, and over / his wretched life death shall triumph and there shall be complete love in few men, and what is covenanted in the evening shall be violated in the morning.

Then shall come from the south on wooden horses and2 on the foam of the sea, a chick of an eagle, and it shall sail and shall land in the Isle of Britain. And straightway it shall dart to the house of the eagle and shall conquer it. And then there shall be war in the Isle of Britain for a year and a half. And then it will not do to practice exchange, but every one shall take care how to keep his own property and to seek the property of others. Thence shall come the noble, weak3 king, with his army about him, toward the west to the old place beside the running water,
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and there his enemies shall come against him, and every one shall be ranged in his place about him, and the army of his enemies shall be formed in the shape of a shield. There they shall fight each other with their foreheads and their sides,62b / and then the noble white king shall glide up into the air. Thence a chick of the eagle shall nest in the high places of the rocks of all the Isle of Britain. He shall not fall when young; he shall not come to old age. Then his glorious prosperity shall not suffer dishonor or insult to him; and after the kingdom is brought to peace he shall fall.

And at this time Capis Silvius was king in Italy, and Haggai, Amos, Jehu, Joel, and Zechariah were prophesying in Israel, and Solomon the son of David in Jerusalem. And then Rhun’s life ended; this was 1415 years after the flood.

And after Rhun came Bladud his son, and he was king twenty years. And he built Bath,63 and he made in it the warm baths for the cure and / refreshment of mortals. And this work he sacrificed to the goddess who is called Minerva. And under this bath he placed fire never quenched either in sparks or in ashes, but when it began to burn out then it began to kindle anew in fiery balls of stone. And at that time Elijah the Prophet prayed that there should not be rain in the land of Jerusalem. And for three years and six months continuously no rain fell, to punish the people for their wickedness. And all came to fast and to profess and to
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pray, until they got the mildness and fruittulness of the earth as they had had formerly. And this Bladud was learned in the art of necromancy and in various other arts, and he never rested from his inventing various crafts and curiosities until he made / for himself wings and pinions to try to fly.63b And after he had taken his flight from the top of a high tower in London, he fell on the temple of Apollo so that he was shattered to pieces. And he was buried with honor in London. This was 1435 after the water of the flood.

And after Bladud, Lear his son became king and reigned in peace and quiet twenty-five years. And he built a city on the river Soar, and called it Lear’s City, and in another language Leicester. And he had no son1 but three daughters; the daughters’ names were Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia, and very great love had their father for them, but he loved his youngest daughter more than the other two. And then he took thought how he could leave his kingdom to his daughters after him. What he did was to try which / of his daughters loved him especially,64 so that he might give her the best part of the island. And he called to him his oldest daughter Goneril and asked her how much she loved her father. And she swore by the powers of2 heaven and earth that she loved her father more than she loved her own soul.
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And he believed that that was true, and he promised her a third of the island1 and the man whom she should choose of the Isle of Britain as a husband for her. And after that he called to him Regan his second daughter and asked her how much she loved her father. And she swore by the powers of heaven and earth that she could not speak with her tongue to tell how much she loved her father; and he believed that all that was2 true, and he promised her a third of the Isle of Britain with the man whom she should choose of the Isle of Britain as a husband for her. And then he called to him / Cordelia,64b his youngest daughter and the one of them he loved most, and asked her how much she loved her father. “I do not think,” said she,3 “that there is a daughter that would love her father more than she ought; as for me I have always loved you as a father and shall still love you. And, lord father,4 if you wish to know how much you are loved, it is as much as your wealth and your health and your valor.” And he rose up in anger and said, “Since you have so scorned my old age and have not loved me as your sisters do, I shall condemn you to have no part in the Isle of Britain.” And then without delay he gave his two oldest daughters to two princes, namely the Prince of Cornwall and him of Albany, and half of the kingdom with them while the king lived, and after him the island in two halves between them.65 And after that story had gone abroad over / the face of the kingdoms, Aganippus King of France heard of the wisdom and the form and the beauty of Cordelia, and he sent
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messengers to the Isle of Britain to ask of the king Cordelia his daughter in marriage for himself. And he promised her, and told the messengers that he would not get land or territory or any other possessions of the Isle of Britain with her. And Aganippus said that he had no need of his land or his territory or his possessions, only of his noble and high-born daughter to bear him legitimate offspring. And there was no delay before Aganippus took the girl as his wife, and no one at that time had ever seen a girl so beautiful or so wise as she.

And after some time had elapsed and Lear had begun to grow feeble with age, the sons-in-law came with his two daughters and conquered the island from sea to sea;65b and they divided the island and the government between / the two of them. That was 1460 years after the flood. And then Maglaun Prince of Albany took the king with him, along with forty knights to be supported at his expense.

And the two years had not completely come to an end before Goneril became angry1 that her father had such a retinue, and she came to him and asked him to send away all that retinue except twenty knights, and she said that this was enough for a man who had no wars or battles. And then Lear became angry at his daughter2 because she had insulted him so, and he left the court of Maglaun and sought the court of Henwin Prince of Cornwall with the idea
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that his honor and his dignity would be better upheld by him there than in the court of Maglaun. And Henwin greeted him warmly1 and treated him with due honor.66 But / the end of a year and a month had not come before his daughter Regan became angry at him because his retinue was so great, and she asked him to send the whole retinue away except five knights, and she swore that she would maintain only that many in his train, and that that was enough2 for her. And after he had been forced to send away all his knights,3 he grieved for his old dignity and returned again to his oldest daughter with the idea that she would take pity on him and maintain his dignity for him. And then she swore by the powers of heaven and earth that she would maintain only one knight with him, and that that was enough for him since the knights of her lord were at his command. And after he failed to gain any of his entreaty, he sent away his knights except one who should remain4 with him. And then / after he had thought about his old dignity which he had lost,66b and his happiness and his might, great5 anxiety overtook him and he was saddened unto death. And then there came to his mind the words of each one of6 his daughters and their promise. And then he knew that what Cordelia his youngest7 daughter had said to him was true: that according to his health and his might and his wealth he was loved. And then he thought of visiting his daughter Cordelia to ask her mercy and to see if he would get from her any support in the world
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to try win back his realm. And after he had started to sea with two companions, lamenting his torment and his impotence in this manner with weeping and moaning, “O heavens!1 when2 did you raise me to the height of honor, since it is more pain to remember honor after it is lost than to suffer necessity without becoming accustomed to ease.67 / Alas, gods of heaven and earth! will a time yet come to me3 when I can repay the men who caused me to be in this necessity? O Cordelia, my beloved daughter, how truly you said to me that it was according to my power and my possession and my wealth that I was loved. And because you told me the truth4 I became angry at you. O my beloved daughter, how can I, for shame, come to you now after I sent you away so shareless of the Isle of Britain as I did?” And weeping his torment and his impotence in this fashion, he came to Paris, the city in which his daughter was, and he sent a messenger to her to say that he was coming as a poor, weak, sorrowful man to seek her mercy and to visit her. And when she heard this, she wept and asked how many knights he had. And the messenger said that he had but one squire. And / then she lamented more keenly than before,67b and sent him gold and silver, and bade him go secretly to Amiens or to some other place he might choose, to be
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refreshed with baths and precious ointment, and to change his appearance and his arms and his clothes, and to take to himself forty knights in the same costume as himself; and when he should be prepared and ready, to send a messenger to Aganippus the King of France, to tell him that, after having been driven shamefully out of the Isle of Britain by his two sons-in-law, he was coming to ask his help to win back his kingdom again. And all this Lear did as Cordelia his daughter had bid him.

And when the messenger came to announce to the king that Lear had come to visit him, he rejoiced and he came to meet him with a fair and goodly retinue, far outside the city, until he and Lear met.68 And then they dismounted / and embraced each other in loving fashion, and went together to Paris. And there they dwelt together for a long time pleasantly and joyfully. And after Aganippus had been told fully1 of the dishonor of Lear in the Isle of Britain, he became aggrieved2 and, after deliberating, they decided to muster France to conquer the island of Britain3 again. And then Aganippus gave to Lear the government of France while he was mustering the most distant parts of France. And when their army was ready, and their equipment, they decided after deliberating to send Cordelia with Lear for fear the Frenchmen4 might not obey Lear. And Aganippus bade the French, on their lives and their possessions, to be as obedient to Lear and to his daughter5 as
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they would be to himself if he were with them.1 And after they had taken leave, they set out for the Isle of Britain,68b and arrived there.2 And / against them came Maglaun Prince of Albany, and Henwin Prince of Cornwall, and all their powers, and they fought hard and valiantly with them; and because the French were so numerous they were not victorious, but they put them to flight and followed them and killed a multitude of them. And before the end of the year Lear and his daughter conquered the island from sea to sea and drove the two sons-in-law out of the island.

And after Lear had conquered the Isle of Britain, a messenger came from France to inform Cordelia that Aganippus King of France was dead. And she was greatly grieved at that, and thenceforward she preferred to dwell in the Isle of Britain with her father, rather than to go to France to her third part. And then, after the island had submitted to them, they ruled it a long time in peace and quiet until Lear died.69 And after his death he was buried with honor in a temple / he himself had made in Leicester under the river Soar in honor of a certain god called Bifrontis Jani. And when the festival of that temple came, all the craftsmen of the city came to do him honor, and then they began every work that was begun before the end of the year.

And after the death of Lear, Cordelia took the government of the Isle of Britain,3 and she governed it
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five years in peace and quiet. And in the sixth year her two nephews, her sister’s sons (namely, Margan, son of Maglaun Prince of Albany, and Cunedda, son of Henwin Prince of Cornwall), renowned young men, rose against her;1 and they assembled an army for themselves and fought with Cordelia. And after frequent battles between them, they conquered the island and they took her and put her in / prison. And after she had thought over her former dignity which she had lost,69b and she had no hope of raising herself out of it, out of exceeding grief over it she slept the sleep of death—that is, she stabbed herself with a knife under the breast so that she lost her life.2 And at that time it was considered the most ignominious death for a person to kill himself. That was one and a half thousand years after the flood.

And then Cunedda and Margan took the island3 and divided it between them, and to4 Margan came as his share5 the part beyond the Humber, and the North within its boundaries, and to Cunedda the part here, Loegria and Cambria, and Cornwall since he was sprung from that part. And after they had been thus in peace for four years, evil sowers of discord came between them and told Margan that it was a shame for him to keep the peace with his cousin, since he was the son of the oldest daughter of Lear and yet6 his part of the realm was the smallest.70 / And after he had been filled with anger by7 those words, he assembled an army and waged war against his cousin Cunedda. And
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against him came Cunedda and his army. And there was a dreadful, cruel battle, and the best1 men fell first. And Margan had to flee with his scattered army, pursued by Cunedda and his army from land to land. And after Margan had fled until he came to the great field in Cambria, he preferred to die like a man2 rather than to go into the sea and drown, for there was no place to flee further than that. And then he turned and gave open battle, and there was a hard struggle between them,3 and a great slaughter on both sides. And in this struggle Margan was killed, and from that day to this the place is called Margan’s Field. And he was buried in the place where the monastery of Margam now is.70b This was / one thousand five hundred and five years after the flood.

And then Cunedda took the island into his own control and ruled it for thirty-three years. And at that time Isaiah and Hosea were prophesying in the land of Jerusalem, and Rome was built by the two brothers, Remus and Romulus, on the eleventh day of the Kalends of March.4

And after Cunedda, his son Riwallon took the government of the island, and he ruled it twelve years in peace and quiet. And in his time there came a rain of blood three nights and three days, and a kind of insect like gnats in this rain and a kind of pestilence with them, and they killed many men.5 And then Riwallon died,
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one thousand five hundred and fifty years after the water of the flood.

And then1 his son Gorust took the government of the kingdom and he ruled it / seven years in peace and quiet. One thousand, 557.271

And after him Cecil the son of Gorust ruled six years.

And after him Gorust’s nephew, Iago, ruled seven years in peace.3

And after him Kynvarch son of Cecil ruled nine years.

And next to him ruled Gorboduc the Unloved, son of Kynvarch.4 And he had two sons, Ferrex and Porrex; and after their father was stricken in years there arose a quarrel between the sons over the kingdom. And Porrex sought to kill Ferrex, his brother. And when Ferrex knew that, he fled to Siward King of France, to seek his support and his aid to conquer5 the Isle of Britain from his brother. And after he had obtained all of6 these things from the King of France,71b he / and his army came to the Isle of Britain. And against him came Porrex and his army and then there was a fierce battle and a great slaughter on all sides. And then Ferrex and his army were killed. And when Judon their mother knew that Porrex had killed his brother Ferrex, she planned to kill the living son to avenge the dead son. And as Porrex was sleeping in his chamber one day after his meal, his mother came to the
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chamber accompanied by her handmaidens, and they beat him in his sleep until he was in small pieces. And thereafter for many years there was civil tumult among the people, and the kingdom was divided under five kings, and each one of them fought continually1 against the others.

And after a long time had passed in this fashion, there came Dyvynwal Moelmud son of Dodiein,72 Prince of Cornwall. And in aspect and in manner / and in courage he stood out above everybody. And after his father was dead he rose against Pymer King of Loegria, and fought against him and killed him. And after Pymer was killed, Nidawc King of Cambria, and Ystadyr King of the North, united2 and fought with Dyvynwal Moelmud. And against them came Dyvynwal with thirty thousand armed men, and he gave them open battle. And after they had spent much of the day in fierce fighting, Dyvynwal drew aside with six hundred men of the bravest of the young men that he had; and they put on the arms of their enemies who had been killed, and they marched through the armies of their enemies until they came to the place where Nidawc and Ystadyr were, and they killed them both in the midst of their army, and they conquered the island from sea to sea.

And after everything had been pacified,72b Dyvynwal had / a gold crown made for himself with very precious stones in it, and he put it on, and established laws which the Saxons still use, and he gave marking stones and privileges
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to the cities and the temples, as Gildas son of Caw afterwards wrote, so that any one who did a wrong might get safety in them; and to the ploughs and the cultivators of the land, and to the main roads between the cities and all that, the same privilege as to the temples. And in his time the swords of the thieves and the extortion of the oppressor were blunted, and no man dared do any wrong to his fellow. And he reigned twenty-seven years after taking the crown. And then he died in London, and was buried beside the temple of Concord which he himself had made to strengthen the laws that he had made. This was 1607 years after the water of1 the flood. /

And after Dyvynwal was dead there arose discord between his two sons—namely Beli and Bran—over the kingdom.73 And after many quarrels between them they were pacified and the kingdom was divided between them. This is how it was divided: to Beli, since he was the oldest, was left the crown of the kingdom, and Loegria and Cambria and Cornwall, since according to the ancient custom of the men of Troy the oldest son deserved this dignity. And to Bran, since he was the youngest, was given2 on the other side Humber with subjugation to his brother. And after this had been confirmed between them, they ruled their realms five years in peace and quiet. And then there came damned-angry, evil trouble-makers and cast slander between them. And they advised Bran to break the peace which was between himself and his brother which was3 a disgrace for / him to maintain,73b since he was obliged to submit to one
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whose descent was no higher than his own. And they told him it would be finer for him to take as a wife the daughter of the king of another island, and with his help to win back the dignity he had lost. And after these words had filled Bran with anger and jealousy, he went to Norway and he took in marriage a daughter of Esling King of Norway, and with his help he sought to conquer his brother’s kingdom. And after this had been told to Beli he mustered an army1 and conquered all of Albany, and he guarded the shore against the coming of any2 foreign tribe to oppress it, and to await the coming of his brother. And when Bran heard that, he took3 an infinite multitude of the men of Norway with him, and when they were ready for their expedition they came4 to the ships, and the girl with them,74 and they raised / the sails and ploughed the oceans until they came to the high seas. And there the fleet of Gwithlac King of Denmark met them, after he had been told that Bran had gone away from the island with the girl whom Gwithlac loved best. And in this engagement the two fleets fought boldly and fiercely, and in the fight the men of Gwithlac threw grapnels into the boat in which the girl was, and pulled it until the girl was in the middle of the boat of Gwithlac. And then came a scattering wind and scattered the ships onto various coasts. And after they had been thus five days on the point of drowning, the King of Denmark and the girl with him were cast ashore
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in the North. And the men of that country came and seized them and took them before the king where he was by the shore awaiting his brother.74b / And when Beli had been told what had happened to them he was glad, and he bade them be kept safely until he could take counsel concerning them. And a few days after that, Bran came ashore in Albany and sought for his scattered fleet; and he searched them out and collected them, as well as1 he could. And then he got news that the King of Denmark, and with him the girl that he loved best, had been captured and were in his brother Beli’s prison. And when he knew this, he sent to his brother Beli, and asked him to restore his kingdom to him, and the prisoners he had captured in his kingdom. And he swore by the powers of heaven and earth that unless he restored them he would burn the island from sea to sea and would kill every one he met, and would even cut off his head if he should meet him. And when this was told to Beli he refused it all, and / bade him do what was fated for him.75 And then Bran and his army made ready and came into the Forest of Calatir, and against him came Beli and his army, and there was a great slaughter and2 a hard fierce battle, and a multitude was slain on both sides; and yet ultimately Beli was victorious, and Bran and a few of his scattered army were driven in flight to their ships, and they put to sea and sailed to France. And in this battle were slain fifteen thousand of the men of Norway.


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And after Beli had gained the victory, he and his army with him went to York and there he sought advice as to what he should do with Gwithlac King of Denmark and his paramour. And then after consultation he decided to accept homage from him, and tribute every year, and to send him and his paramour away to their country.75b And this he did. And then Beli caused / funeral rites to the gods to be celebrated, and thanks to be given to each of his men according to his deserts. And then he caused the laws that his father had made to be confirmed. And then he caused legal highways of stone and lime to be constructed, one of them from the Cornish Sea to Caithness1 in the North, straight through the cities it came to, and another across the island from Menevia to Southampton, and two other roads diagonally across these. And he gave privileges and stone markers to these roads,2 so that no one dared do any wrong to any one else on them.3 And let any one who wants to know the privileges of these roads read the laws of Dyvynwal Moelmud, which Gildas the son of Caw translated from Welsh into Latin, and after that King Alfred turned them from / Latin into English.76

It was Bran’s fortune to come to France with twelve knights to seek aid from the princes of France to win back the realm he had lost; and after he had told all of
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them what had happened to him and what he asked of them, they refused him entirely. And after he had seen that he got nothing, he was very much in despair, and he went to Burgundy to seek aid from Segwin Duke of Burgundy, and he stayed with him a long time. And after he1 had become acquainted with him, Bran became dear to him because so good was his knowledge of hunting and dogs and birds, and of every kind of hunting and horsemanship that was fair and goodly,2 and he was a wise man in a lord’s council, handsome, comely, and agreeable, and loved by all, and bold and brave in arms. And then the duke sought advice,76b and gave / him his only daughter as his lawful wedded wife, and with her his whole realm after his day with the permission of the realm3 because he had no lawful heir but her. And the year had not passed after this before the duke died, and then Bran took the government into his own control. And it was not long after this before he sought advice about going to wrest the Isle of Britain from Beli his brother. And the advice he got was to make an agreement with the kings of France about going unharmed with his army through their territories to Flanders, without doing harm to any one or any one to them. And this they got. And then Bran assembled an army on that side, the largest he could, and came to the Isle of Britain. And against him came Beli with as large an army as he could. And after
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the two armies had come face to face,177 and were about to attack, behold Tonwen their mother coming between / the two armies and throwing away her head-covering and letting her hari stream over her shoulders, and tearing her clothes down to her girdle and coming with her two breasts bare to the place where Bran her son was standing, and asking him straightway,2 for the sake of the Being who created him to be man in her body out of something without anything (?) and for the sake of the breasts he had drawn and for the sake of the pain and anguish she endured for him before he came into the world, to moderate his anger and not to cause the shedding of so much noble blood as had been assembled together there from every country; and to remember that his brother had done him no wrong, but that he had done wrong to his brother and to himself when he went to seek help from the King of Norway to wrest the Isle of Britain from his brother. And she showed that his brother did him no wrong, but drove him from a small honor to one that was greater.377b / For a part of the Isle of Britain was a small thing, and it was a great thing to be duke in Burgundy. And after Bran had been pacified by those tender remarks which his mother Tonwen had spoken,4 he took off his helmet and came with his mother to his brother. And when Beli saw Bran his brother coming with a peaceful aspect, he threw his armor off him and embraced his brother. And then they were reconciled and went together to London, joyfully, and merrily, and happily, and their armies with them. And there
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they remained that winter. And then, after deliberating, they decided to prepare a fleet to go to conquer France. And at the end of the year they came1 to France, and they conquered it and every country as far as Rome.2

And at that time two princes / were ruling in Rome,78 namely Gabius and Porcenna. And when they heard that Beli and Bran were coming towards Rome and that every one had been subdued by them, they were afraid and sent to them to make their peace with them, and to give them much gold and silver as tribute every year for the sake of getting it, and twenty-four young men, the noblest in Rome, as hostages for that. And after they had confirmed their agreement to this effect they turned their armies toward Germany, and began to fight against that country. And after the men of Rome had seen that, they repented of the peace they had made, and they sent their forces as aid to the men of Germany. And when Beli and Bran knew that, they decided, after deliberating,78b that Beli and his army should remain / there fighting3 with the men of Germany, and Bran and his army should go to Rome. And when the men of Italy knew that, they separated from the men of Germany and tried to get to Rome before Bran. And when Beli knew that, he went with his army by night and lay in ambush in a wooded glen through which the men of Italy would come to Rome. And
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on the morrow when it was day the men of Italy came to the glen, and Beli and his army rose up before they knew it, and killed without mercy those of them who did not manage to escape. And from there Beli came to Rome after his brother had been fighting for three days against the city. And then they prepared to raise a gallows before the gate of the city, and to hang the twenty-four young men whom they had taken as hostages from the men of Rome for their arrangements and their tribute. And then came a messenger to tell the men of Rome that the two emperors,79 / Gabius and Porcenna, would arrive the next day to help them. And when Beli and Bran knew that, they mustered their army and went against them and fought with them boldly, strongly, and fiercely, and there Gabius and Porcenna and all of their fellow-citizens were slain. And then Beli and Bran went back to the city and destroyed and took it without delay. That was 1635 after the flood.

And after they had won that victory they rejoiced; and then, after deliberating, they decided to leave Bran there as emperor in Rome, and to subdue the people as his lordship might see fit. And he subdued them with unheard of cruelty, as the history of the men of Rome after that shows. And Beli came to the Isle of Britain, joyful,79b happy, and rejoicing, and / he finished his life in peace. And he made a city on the River Usk beside the Severn Sea, which
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was called City of the Usk for many ages and was the seat of the Archbishop of Demetia after that for a long time. And after the men of Rome came to the Isle of Britain the name of the city was done away with and it was called in their language “Caer Legion,” for they came in legions to this island, and there they dwelt during the winter for the most part. And after many languages were mixed together it1 was called the City of the Legion. And it was one thousand six hundred and thirty-six years after the water of the flood when the city was begun. And he made in London, on the bank of the Thames, a gate of skillful workmanship, and a tower of marvellous size on it, and a landing-place for ships beneath it. And he called it Beli’s Gate, and after the foreign race came to the island / it was called Billingsgate.80 And after the end of his life had come, his body was burned and the ashes were put2 in a golden cask and were hidden in the tower that he himself had made in London. This was 1645 years after the flood.

And after Beli was dead, his son Gurgant Cut-beard was made king, and his practices were like those of his father. And when the King of Denmark knew that Beli was dead, he sought to withhold the tribute from his son. And when Gurgant knew this, he prepared a fleet and went to Denmark and fought with Gwithlac King of Denmark, and killed him and conquered his country and forced them to pay their tribute every year, as it was paid to his father before him. After after he had received assurance of that
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he returned / home, joyful, happy,80b and rejoicing. And when he was coming through the Orkney Islands there met him thirty vessels full of men and women. And after he had inquired of them whence they were come, they told him that they had come from Spain and that they had been going about the seas looking for a place to dwell in for a year and a half before that time. They had been expelled from their country and Bartholonn was prince over them, and they asked Gurgant for a place in his kingdom to live in. And after he had learned their entreaty he went and showed them1 Ireland and gave it to them, for it was then deserted without inhabitants in it.2 And they went to Ireland and settled it, and they have dwelt in it from that day to this.

81And in the time of Gurgant were the Seven Wise Men who / first got the arts of nature and of many other things and wrote them and taught them. And3their pupil was Anaximander and his pupil was Anaximenes; his pupil was Anaxagoras; his pupil was Archelaus, and his pupil was Socrates, and his pupil was Plato, and his pupil was Aristotle.4 And in that time Sibylla the Wise enlightened many by her deeds. And after the end of Gurgant’s life had come he was buried in Caerleon on Usk, in which his father had built, and he himself had honored it with
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buildings and walls. 1670 after the flood he died.

And after Gurgant Cut-beard was dead, his son Kuhelyn became king.1 And he had a noble wife—Marcian was her name—and she knew all the arts, and she helped / the king rule the kingdom in peace and quiet while he lived.81b And she had one son by him, and Cecil was his name. And she made the laws which were called2 Marcian’s laws, and by them the island was managed for a long time. And King Alfred turned them from British into Saxon and called them “merchyenlage.” And after Kuhelyn had reigned thirteen years in peace and quiet he died, 1683 years after the flood.

And after Kuhelyn was dead, Marcian the queen took the government of the Isle of Britain into her own possession, because she was wise, and accomplished, and skillful in all things, and her son was only seven years old. And after she had reigned eight years in peace and quiet she died, 1691 after the flood. /

And after Marcian the queen,382 Cecil her son took the crown of the kingdom, and he governed it kindly and gently nine years on end, and then he died. That was one thousand and seven hundred years after the water of the flood.


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And after Cecil, Kynvarch his son took the government of the kingdom, and he reigned only five years before he died. That was one thousand seven hundred and five after the water of1 the flood.

And after Kynvarch was dead, his brother Dan took the government of the kingdom for he was nearest in blood. And he reigned but ten years before he died. That was 1715 years after the flood.

And after Dan was dead, his son Morud took the crown of the kingdom. And he was very great, such was his praise for generosity and courage, if he had not / given himself up too much to cruelty. And in his time the King of Moryan came with a great army to land in the North,82b and he began to fight mightily. And against him came Morud and his army, and they fought boldly and fiercely; and truly2 Morud himself killed more than the greater part of his army did. And after he was tired of killing them, he commanded them to be flayed3 alive, and then to be burned to fill up his cruelty. And after that some kind of fate4 came to avenge on him his cruelty and his5 wickedness. This was a kind of cruel beast that came out of the Irish Sea, and it swallowed everything it met with. And when Morud heard of that he came himself to fight with the beast. And after he had used up his weapons in vain,83 this animal rushed at him with his mouth open and swallowed him like / a little fish.6
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That was the fifteenth year of his reign, and one thousand seven hundred and thirty after the flood. And yet he had five sons, namely, Gorboniaun, Arthal, Elidir, Owen, and Peredur.

And after Morud, his son Gorboniaun took the government of the kingdom, because he was the oldest of them. And there was not in his time a man who was1 juster than he, or who loved truth more without desiring anything wrong. And after he had reigned sixteen years in peace and quiet he died and was buried in London, 1746 years after the water of2 the flood.

And after him his brother Arthal became king;3 and in everything he was contrary to the doings of Gorboniaun his brother.83b The nobles and / the aristocracy he subjugated, and the ignoble and the wealthy4 he raised up, and he spoiled the wealthy to collect5 treasure for himself. And after he had been thus for six years, his nobles were angered by his rule,6 and, after deliberating, they decided to depose him from the kingship and raise Elidir his brother, who was afterwards called Elidir the Meek, to be king. And that they did.

And after Elidir had been made king, he reigned in peace and quiet for six years on end. And one day, when he was in the Grove7 of Calatir, after he had gone to hunt in the forest, his brother Arthal, the
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man who had formerly been driven out from his kingdom, met him unexpectedly and nine knights with him. And after Elidir had seen him, his heart rejoiced over him,84 and he hastened to embrace him. And / after he had talked with him, he wept and lamented to him1 his misfortune. And in secret he took him with him to Dumbarton, and hid him in his chamber. And after that he pretended that he was sick himself, and he sent messengers to summon to him the chief princes of the island to visit him. And after all had come to the city, he sent for each one of them, one after the other, to come to the chamber quietly lest something hurt him. And he ordered the servants to take each one of them as he came, and to bring them into the chamber to them; and to take any who would not obey their orders and cut off their heads. And after they had come in this fashion2 to the chamber, Elidir caused them to do homage a second time to his brother Arthal, and whoever would not should have his head cut off.84b And after the princes / had been brought by threats into harmony with his brother Arthal, he made peace with them. And from there they went together to York. And he caused a prepared banquet to be made, and he took the crown from his own head and put it on the head of Arthal his brother. And for that he was called Elidir the Meek, from that time forth. This was one thousand 763 years after the flood.


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And after Arthal had been made king a second time, he reigned ten years in peace and quiet, reforming the evil customs he had practiced before. And finally he died and was buried in Leicester, 1773.

And after Arthal, Elidir was chosen king for the second time. And after he had reigned three years, his two youngest brothers, Owen and Peredur, came and made war against him on all sides. / And they fought with him strongly and fiercely;85 and at length they got the victory and captured Elidir and put him in prison in a tower in London and a guard with him. That was1 1776 after the flood.

And then Owen and Peredur took the kingdom and divided it between them: that is, to Owen Loegria and Cambria and Cornwall, and to Peredur from the Humber onwards. And after they had reigned thus for seven years,2 Owen died and the kingdom fell wholly into the hand of Peredur, 1783 after the water of3 the flood.

And after Peredur was king over the whole of the island he governed it in amiable peace, so that it was clear that he was better than all his brothers before him, and Elidir was not remembered because Peredur was so good a lord. And after Peredur had reigned over the whole of the island for eight years he died.85b That was / 1791 after the flood. And then Elidir was taken
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from prison and was made king for the third time.

And after Elidir had been made king he reigned that time1 twenty-one years in peace and quiet over the whole of2 the Isle of Britain, and this through every kind of good deed that any one could do. And then he died, 1812 years after the flood.

And after Elidir, Rhys the son of Gorboniaun became king, and in discretion and prudence and wisdom he was like his uncle. And he reigned but two years before he died. That was 1814 years after the flood.

And after Rhys, Margan the son of Arthal became king, and he loved righteousness and truth. And he reigned but one year, neither more nor less,3 before he died. That was4 1815 years after the flood. /

And after Margan,86 his brother Einion became king, and he departed from the qualities5 of his brother Margan in governing the people. And after he had reigned thus cruelly for six years, the princes were6 together and threw him out of the kingship, and chose Idwal the son of Owen7 as king. This was 1821 years8 after the flood.

And after Idwal the son of Owen7 was made king, he amended the evil deeds of Einion his kinsman. And he ruled but two years before he died. That was4 1823 after the flood. And in those days Joshua the son of Josedech was chief of the priests and Ezra and Zerubbabel were princes.


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And after Idwal, Rhun the son of Peredur became / king,86b and he ruled but seven years. And then he died, 1830 years after the flood.

And after Rhun, Geraint the son of Elidir the Meek became king, and he reigned twenty years. And in this period Cambyses the son of Cyrus was king in Persia; and by another name he was called Nebuchadnezzar, King of Kings of the east. And then Geraint died, 1850 years.1

And after Geraint, Cadell the son of Geraint became king, and he reigned ten years, and then he died, 1860 years after the water of the flood.

And after Cadell, Coel the son of Cadell became king in2 the Isle of Britain, and he reigned ten years and then he died, 1870 after the flood.

And after Coel, Porrex the son of Coel became king,87 and he reigned / twelve years and then the end of his life came, 1882.

And after Porrex, Cherin the son of Porrex became king, and he reigned seven years and had three sons. And then the end of his life came, 1889 after the flood.

And after Cherin, Sulien the son of Cherin became king and he reigned five years in peace and quiet, and then he died 1895 after the flood.


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And after Sulien, his brother Eudav the son of Cherin became king and he reigned but1 five years and then he died, 1900 years after the water of the flood.

And after Eudav, his brother Andrew the son of Cherin became king, and he reigned twelve years and then he died, 1912 years after the flood. /

And after Andrew,87b Urien the son of Andrew became king, and he reigned eight years and then he died, 1920 years.

And after Urien, Ithel the son of Urien became2 king and he reigned twenty years and then he died, 1940 years after the water of the flood.

And after Ithel, Celydauc the son of Ithel3 became king, and he reigned twenty years, save one, and then he died, 1959 years after Noah’s deluge.

And after Celydauc, Clydno the son of Celydauc became king, and he reigned4 thirteen years, and then he died, 1972 years after the water of5 the flood.

And after Clydno, Gorust the son of Clydno became king, and he reigned thirteen years,6 and then he died 1985 years after the flood.

88And after Gorust, Merion the / son of Gorust became king and he reigned7 twelve
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years and then he died, 1997 years after Noah’s deluge.1

And after Merion, Bladud his son became king, and he reigned three years over the Isle of Britain and then he died. That was2 two thousand years after the flood.

And after Bladud, his son Caph became king and he reigned thirty years, and then he died, 2030 after the water of3 the flood.

And after Cap h, Owen the son of Caph became king and he reigned but three years4 and then he died, 2033 after the flood.

And after Owen, Cecil his son became king and he reigned5 eight years and then he died, 2041.

And after Cecil, Blegabred became king, and there never was a singer as good as he in the art / of music, nor a player as good as he in enchantment.88b And for this reason he was called the god of drama. And he reigned over the Isle of Britain twenty-eight years, and then he died, 2069 after the flood.

And after Blegabred, his brother Arthmael became king and he reigned twenty-seven years and then he died. That was 2088 years after the flood.

And after Arthmael, Eidol the son of Arthmael became king and he reigned twelve years and then he died, 2100 after the flood.


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And after Eidol, Rydeon the son of Eidol became king and he reigned nine years and then he died, 2109 after the flood.

And after Rydeon, his son Rhydderch became king and he reigned1 sixteen years and then he died. That was 2125 after the flood. /

89 And after Rhydderch, Saul the son of Rhydderch became king and he reigned2 fifteen years in peace3 and then he died, 2140.

And after Saul, Pyrr his son became king and he reigned4 ten years and then he ended his life.Guttyn Owain’s part begins here That was 2150 years after the flood.5

And after Pyrr, Capoir his son became king five years and then he died.6 2155 after the flood.

And after Capoir, Manogan his son became king and he reigned over the Isle of Britain nine years and then he perished, 2064.7

And after Manogan, his son Beli the Great8 became king over the Isle of Britain and he ruled it twelve years. And he had four sons, namely, Lud, and Levelis, and Caswallaun, and Nennius.989b And then / Beli the Great died. That was 2176 after the flood.

And after Beli the Great was dead,10 his son Lud became king because he was the oldest of the children. And he renewed the walls of London, and its buildings, and surrounded it with numerous
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territories and pastures.1 And he dwelt in it the greater part of the year and called it Lud’s City from his own name. And after the foreign2 people came to it, it was called Lundene, or others call it Lundrys, and finally London. Now he loved Levelis most of all3 his brothers, for he was prudent and wise and accomplished. And after they had heard that the King of France was dead, with no heirs except one daughter and the kingdom4 in her hand, they decided, after deliberating, to send a fleet with5 Levelis to the princes of France to ask for the girl as a wife for him, and the rule with her. And that he received with joy. And he took it and ruled it6 kindly and faithfully and beloved while he lived.90 And in the time of Lud, / Pompey and Crassus and Julius Caesar were princes of the Roman senate, and this Pompey conquered the land of Judaea and subjugated it to the Roman senate.

And after some time had elapsed, three oppressions happened in7 the Isle of Britain, the like of which had never been seen. One of them was a tribe called the Coranians, and8 so great was their knowledge that there was not a speech that the wind met with that they did not know when this wind got to them. And for this reason no one could harm9 them. The second oppression10 was a scream that was uttered every May Eve over every hearth in the Isle of Britain; and this scream went through the hearts of all, so much11 that the men lost their color and
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their strength, and the women their unborn children, and the boys and girls all1 their senses,90b and the animals and the trees and the whole earth2 it left barren. The third oppression was that no matter how great were the preparation / and provisions of food and drink made ready in the royal courts,3 even though it were the provision of a year, nothing of it was ever had except what was used in the very first night. And yet the first oppression4 was open5 and known; as for the other two, no one knew what import they had. And because of that, Lud was worried and troubled, since he did not know how to drive these oppressions out of the island. And he thought about going to visit his brother Levelis to6 take counsel with him. And when Levelis knew of the coming of his brother, he rejoiced; and he came towards him with honor, and a great number with him, and he embraced him. And after Lud had told his brother the meaning of his business, the latter had a long horn made so that they could talk through the horn in such a way that the Coranians might not get any wind of the conversation or know it. And when the horn was ready they talked, and / neither one of them got from the other anything but a bitter answer.791 And then Levelis knew that deviltry8 had got into the horn, and he had it washed out with wine, and by virtue of the wine the devil went out of9 the horn. And then they talked well.
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And then Lud told all his business to his brother Levelis. And then Levelis said he would give him a kind of insect and asked him to crush them in water after he got home, and to bring together1 everybody in the whole2 kingdom and to throw this water over the people indiscriminately; and he assured him that all3 the Coranians would die and the Britons would not be harmed.4

“The second oppression which you have mentioned is the dragon of your nation and another dragon of the foreign nation who fight every May Eve, and each of them trying to overcome the other. And when your dragon sees the other winning over her, then in anger she utters the horrible scream that you hear.91b / And this is the way you can know that this is true. When you get home, have the island measured in length and breadth; and where you find the middle point, have a pool dug there, and put in this pool a cauldron full of the best mead that is to be found,5 and put a covering of brocaded silk over the mouth of the cauldron and watch over it yourself. And you will see them fighting fiercely in the air and casting flaming fire at each other. And after6 they come to the middle point of the island, neither one will flee from the other and there there will be a frightful fight between them. And after they are exhausted they will fall in the form of two pigs on the top of the covering and will pull the covering down with them to the bottom of the cauldron. And then after they perceive it is wet about them7 they will drink up the mead and become drunk and
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go to sleep. And then fold the covering around them, and in the strongest and most deserted place you can find in your kingdom,1 bury them deep in the earth in a stone tomb.292 / While they remain there no oppression from another country shall land in the Isle of Britain.

“The third oppression is a mighty man of magic who takes away your food and your drink through magic and enchantment, and causes every one to sleep so long as he is in it. You must therefore, in your own person, watch over your preparation and your supplies. And in order that you may not be overcome by sleep, have a cauldron of cold water beside you, and when sleep oppresses3 you go to the cauldron of water,4 and when you see your chance at the man avenge yourself on him if you want to.”

And after they had finished their conversation,5 Lud came to the Isle of Britain and summoned to him his whole realm6 to the same place,7 and he crushed the insects in water as his brother had told him to, and he threw the water over them indiscriminately. And straightway the Coranians died, without injury8 to the Britons. And a while after that, Lud had the island measured in length and breadth, and he found / the middle point to be in Oxford.92b And in this place he had men dig a pool and put the cauldron and the mead in it9 and do everything as his brother Levelis had told him to.10 And in truth he saw everything as it had been told to him. And after he had seen the dragons fall into the cauldron and go to sleep, he approached them and folded the covering
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securely about them; and in the strongest and most secure place1 in the island he had them buried securely2 in the depths of the earth in a stone tomb3 in Snowdon, the place that was afterwards called Ambrose’s Fort. And the stormy scream stopped after that. And then Lud had a feast of great size prepared; and after it was ready he put a cauldron full of cold water beside it, and he himself, in his own person, watched over it courageously.4 And while he was doing that, he heard many different kinds of songs impelling him to sleep, and in order that he might not be overcome by sleep he went often to5 the cold water.93 And at length he / saw a gigantic man with strong heavy armor on him come in with a hamper, and, as he had been accustomed to do before, put all the provisions, food and drink, into the hamper and start away with them. And when Lud saw that, he leapt after him and vehemently bade him halt and spoke to him in this fashion. “Although you have already done me many6 injuries without being punished,7 you will not go any further unless your fighting ability proves you to be better than I.” And the other waited for him here bravely,8 and they exchanged cruel blows until the sparks flew from their swords and other arms; and finally after using up their weapons,9 they grappled fiercely and mightily, and the king10 succeeded in throwing the oppressor between himself and the ground. And after he had overcome him by strength and violence, he11 asked his mercy, assuring the king he would make good
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to him all the losses he had ever caused him and that he / would be a faithful man to him from that time on.93b And the king took this [pledge] from him and released him. And so Lud got rid of the three oppressions of the Isle of Britain. And from then until the end of his life he ruled in peace and quiet. And after he died his body was hidden in London beside the gate which in Welsh is called after his name Lud’s Gate, and in Saxon Ludysgate.1 That was two thousand two hundred and four years after the flood. And he had two sons, namely, Avarwy and Tenevan; and since they were not of an age to govern the kingdom, Caswallaun son of Beli, their uncle, brother of their father, was chosen king over the Isle of Britain.

And after Caswallaun had been made king, he so devoted himself to mildness that nobody was dissatisfied with him, and he loved truth and righteousness. And although he was king, he did not wish to blot out his nephews from the island, but he gave them a great part of it.94 To / Avarwy his nephew he gave London and the Earldom of Kent, and to Tenevan, his other nephew, he gave the Earldom of Cornwall, and he himself was king over the whole. And in this time Julius Caesar the Emperor of Rome was conquering the islands all about. And after he had conquered France he came to Rutenia, and he saw2 the island opposite him toward the west; and he asked what land he saw from the3 sea. And a guide told
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him that it was called the Isle of Britain. And then he asked for full details about the history of the island and the people who inhabited it. And after all he asked had been told him in detail, he said, “This is from the line of us men of Rome,1 for Aeneas2 first came to Rome from Troy, and he and his descendants have ruled in Italy from that day to this; and grandson3 to this4 Aeneas was Brutus, the man who first conquered that island.94b And I think / it will not be difficult for us to subdue that island to the Roman senate, for they are in the ocean and know nothing of fighting or bearing arms.” And then Julius Caesar sent messengers to Caswallaun to ask him for tribute from the Isle of Britain and submission to the Roman senate, through their good will and for the sake of5 their kinship, so that he should not spend effort on it with his army and be forced to shed the blood of the nobles of the Isle of Britain and compel them by force of arms, for they were descended from the same blood as the men of Rome. And he told them it was no disgrace for them to be tributary to the Roman senate, for they had subdued all the islands6 from the east to the west except the Isle of Britain itself. And when Caswallaun knew their entreaty, he decided, after deliberating, to refuse it completely. And he told him that his relatives, rather than suffer servitude, had fled from every island as far as the Isle of Britain, and to have this in freedom they7 / had dwelt in it.95 And if any one tried to take their freedom from them they would try to defend it


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if they could.

Caswallaun’s letter.

Caswallaun King of the Isle of Britain, sending to Julius Caesar the emperor of Rome a letter like this.1 It is a marvel to us2 that the lust of the men of Rome in thirst for gold and silver is so great3 that they cannot leave us in peace in this island which is4 amid the perils of the seas outside the world to suffer5 our affliction, without presuming to seek6 tribute of us from the place we had always7 possessed up to this time in freedom and peace. And that is not enough8 for them unless they take our freedom away from us and make us captives making submission to them. And therefore, Julius Caesar, what you have asked is a disgrace to you yourself, since a common vein of nobility descends from Aeneas to the Romans and the Britons, and a single chain / binds the same nobility of kindred,5b which ought to be a mighty bond of friendship between them. This is what they ought to ask of us and not servitude, for we were more accustomed to give freely than to bear the yoke of servitude, since we had been so accustomed to freedom that we do not know how to submit to servitude.9 And if the gods10 themselves should think to take our freedom away from us, we would try to take it from them, and we would resist them with every sort of effort we are capable of, to keep them from it, and we would hate them.11 And therefore be it known to your intention, Julius Caesar, that we are ready to fight for our freedom and our realm if you come to the Isle of Britain as you threaten.”

And when Julius Caesar knew the answer of the Britons and the purport of their letter, he was much offended at it, and he caused a fleet to be prepared without delay for him to come12 to the Isle of Britain. And when the fleet was ready they came to
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the mouth of the Thames.1 And against them came Caswallaun, and Nennius his brother, and Beli his / steward, and Avarwy his nephew, the Prince of London,96 and Tenevan Earl of Cornwall, his other nephew,2 and Caradoc King of Albany, Gorthaed King of Venedotia, and Brithael King3 of Demetia, and all4 their armies. And after they had come to Castle Doral they saw their enemies encamped on the beach. And after consulting together they decided to attack the Romans without delay; and they fought fiercely with them and slew many on all sides. And in this fight Nennius the son of Beli5 met Julius Caesar, and Nennius rejoiced over that for he had heard of the fighting ability of Julius Caesar and of his fame before that time. And after they had exchanged fierce blows, Julius Caesar was angry that he was withstood so long as that, and with all his might he raised his sword and struck at Nennius on his head. And the latter received the blow on his shield, so that the sword stuck in his shield and in his head. And he could not pull it out, so closely were the armies mingled together. And after Nennius / had got the sword,96b no one stood up before his stroke.6 And then he met Labienus the earl and killed him. And then the greater part of the Romans were killed, so that one could walk on the corpses thirty measures of land without treading on the ground. And Julius Caesar fled7 in disgrace to his ships, and he barely escaped to the sea. And when the men of France heard of that, they tried to keep him out, because they heard that the ships of Caswallaun were following him over the sea. Then he opened
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the treasuries where his money was and gave a great quantity of it1 to the princes of France. And he gave freedom to all who had previously been in captivity to him,2 and so he pacified the French.

And after that victory, Caswallaun came to London with his fellow-knights to celebrate funeral rites to the gods. And on the fifteenth day Nennius died of the blow / on his head,97 and he was buried beside the North Gate and his sword with him; and the sword was called “red death,” the reason being that whoever had blood drawn by it would die. And at this time Julius Caesar made the castle of3 Odnea, lest he should happen to be driven out another time by the French as they had wanted to do before. And when the castle was ready, at the end of two years, Julius Caesar collected an army to come to avenge the shame he had previously suffered in the Isle of Britain from the Britons. And when Caswallaun heard that, he had iron stakes as thick as a man’s thigh planted along the channel of the Thames where the ships would come. And without warning Julius Caesar’s fleet came on the stakes, and his ships4 were rent, and sank by thousands, and as many as were able to seek the land sought it. And against them came Caswallaun and all the youth of the Isle of Britain,97b and he fought with them boldly and fiercely, and / then there was a great slaughter on both sides, and yet Caswallaun got5 the victory and drove Julius Caesar in flight to the shore of Morian, and then
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he went to the castle of Odnea which he had had made earlier, out of fear of his enemies.

And after Caswallaun had obtained the victory he rejoiced, and he invited all his princes with him to London, and there he made a feast for them in honorable fashion, and he sacrificed to the gods; in that feast were slain1 twelve thousand cattle and a hundred thousand sheep and birds beyond number, besides thirty thousand woodland animals of various kinds, and winged creatures.2 And after they had finished sacrificing to the gods,3 they partook of what remained as was the custom in this time in such sacrifices; what was left of the night and day4 they spent in various amusements and games. And in that5 it happened that two noble young men,98 / namely Hirlas the king’s nephew, and Kuelyn Avarwy’s nephew, had a quarrel spring up6 between them while tilting, and in this quarrel Kuelyn killed Hirlas, and from that there was great excitement in the court; and the king was angered beyond measure and he tried to get Avarwy’s nephew within the jurisdiction of his court. And Avarwy was dubious about that, for he did not know the king’s intention toward his nephew. And he said that it was in London that atonement should be made for every sort of wrong that was done within the bounds of the island, and that he was ready for that.7 The king did not want that, but to get Kuelyn at his will. This was not easy for Avarwy,
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for he did not know what his desire was.1 And Avarwy left the king’s court lest there should be a greater brawl, and he sought his own territory, and his nephew with him. And when the king knew that, he complained of it to2 the princes, that Avarwy had left his court without his permission and had taken with him the man who had killed his nephew.98b / And after consulting with them, he decided to go after him with his army, and to destroy his realm completely with fire and iron. And when Avarwy knew that, he sent to the king to ask for peace and his mercy. And the other3 denied it to him wholly. And when Avarwy knew that, he considered how he might withstand the king. And after deliberation he decided to send to Julius Caesar to ask him to come to the Isle of Britain to help him, and he, for his part, would assure him that he would subjugate the Isle of Britain to him. Avarwy’s Letter.4 “Avarwy, the son of Lud sends greeting to Julius Caesar, and says to him as follows: Previously I wished the death of Julius Caesar and now I wish life and health for him, and I am sorry that I was against you when I was. And now I shall be of one mind with you, and because Caswallaun the Proud was able to drive you twice / from the Isle of Britain,99 now he is dispossessing me of my kingdom, and I with as good a right to the Isle of Britain as he. And I was a helper to him in his becoming king.” And he gave in the letter the gist of the quarrel as it all took place. “And therefore lord I pray you for
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help from you to maintain my kingdom. And through me, lord, you will yet be ruler over the Isle of Britain. And do not suspect, lord, that this letter may not be true, for there is neither deceit nor treachery in it. And mortals make use of deceit and treachery after1 they can not do anything else.”

And in confirmation of this he sent his son Conan and thirty hostages from the sons of nobles besides. And then after consultation Julius Caesar decided to prepare a fleet2 and come to Port Rutenia. And toward him came Avarwy to receive him on land. And at that time Caswallaun and his army were fighting against London. / And when Caswallaun heard of the coming of Julius Caesar to the Isle of Britain,99b he made preparations and came against him. And when he came into a valley near Canterbury, they saw near them the tents of the Romans. And then Caswallaun lamented bitterly at seeing their enemies so bold toward them as they were, and after deliberating they decided to attack the Romans manfully. And then there was a great slaughter on both sides, and finally the great numbers of the Romans drove the Britons to the top of a high mountain. And they held the top of this mountain against them courageously, and they killed multitudes of the Romans. And when the Romans saw that they had no success in getting the top of the mountain from the Britons, they decided to surround the mountain and shut them up there until they died
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of hunger. And after they had been there in this fashion for two days and two nights without either food or drink and Caswallaun saw that there was no way for them1 to get out except by a cruel death / or by starving,100 he sent to his nephew Avarwy to ask him to make his peace with Julius Caesar. And then Avarwy marvelled greatly over that and said, “It is strange for the man who would be a lamb in war and a lion in peace to become furious at any one who loved him.2” And yet he came3 to Julius Caesar and spoke to him as follows. “Lord,” said he, “I promised you the subjugation of the Isle of Britain, and here it is for you, lord, leaving Caswallaun the kingdom to hold under you, on condition of giving tribute every year to the Roman senate.”

And after Julius Caesar had listened to him, he refused it. And after Avarwy had seen4 that, he said to him, “Lord,” said he, “although I promised you the subjugation of the Isle of Britain, I did not promise you to destroy my race or to exterminate it, and they have not done so much evil that they cannot make it good. And that which I have promised you,100b here it is if / you want it. If you do not want it, I do not agree to destroy my race or to exterminate them.” And after Julius Caesar had heard Avarwy’s answer, on the latter’s advice he gave peace to Caswallaun on condition that Caswallaun should pay every year three thousand pounds of gold and5 silver as tribute to the Roman senate from the Isle of Britain. And after those terms had been confirmed
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between them, they came together to London, and there they dwelt that winter. And the following spring Julius Caesar went to Rome, and Avarwy with him, against Pompey, the man who was holding the imperial power at that time. That was two thousand two hundred and twenty years after the flood. And Caswallaun remained, ruling the Isle of Britain seven years after that in peace and quiet. That is, he reigned in all twenty-three years, and then he died and was buried in York. That was after the flood 2227 years. The end of Caswallaun.1

And after Caswallaun, Lud’s son Tenevan, the Earl of Cornwall,101 became king and he reigned in peace and quiet nineteen years, and then he died. That was 2246 years2 after the flood.

And after Tenevan, Cymbeline Tenevan’s son3 became king,4 the man whom Julius Caesar had brought up. And since he loved the Romans so much, although he could have withheld the tribute he did not do so. And in his time was born our Lord5 Jesus Christ. And the night He was born the statue of the Romans, which had been made in the city of Rome with flawless skill, fell. And it was said that this symbol would not fall until a son was born to a virgin maid. And that day a circle of gold color appeared about the sun, and for that reason all the wise men of the city came together to consult with their wizards.101b And then they said / that the king was born whose kingdom should last forever.6 And Augustus
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Caesar was ruling the land of Rome at that time—others called him Octavius—and Herod [son of] Antipater in the land of Judaea, the cruel man who killed the boys while seeking Jesus Christ. About the fourth year after the birth of Christ, John the Evangelist was born. The fifth year Jesus came back from Egypt to Galilee and then He made the seven lakes out of the dust,1 and brought water from the Jordan to the lakes, and from the lakes back to the river. The sixth year Herod the Cruel died, and Mariamne his wife, and his three sons, namely, Alexander, Aristobulus, and Antipas, of a horrible disease between the flesh and the skin, which rose in boils2 and scabs, and they were full of maggots and worms. The seventh year Jesus came to Israel. The eighth year Rome was flourishing in the time of Sallust,102 Terence, / and Horace, and the wisest of the wise. The ninth year Vergil spoke of the incarnation of Christ and of the renewing of the tribes of heaven. And in the tenth year a son was born to Cymbeline who was named Gwyder, and in the eleventh year another son was born to him who was named Gweiryd. The twelfth year Jesus was found in the temple among the wise men, listening to questions and asking them. The thirteenth year Augustus Caesar died, who was called Octavius Emperor of Rome. The fourteenth year Tiberius was made emperor in Rome. The sixteenth year Herod Antipas was made
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lord over the fourth part of Galilee. The eighteenth year Ovid and Naso1 were in captivity in the Island of Pont.2 The twenty-seventh year of Christ’s age3 Pilate of the Island of Pont2 was made procurator in the Land of Judaea.102b / The thirtieth year John the son of Zacharias preached about baptism, and baptised4 Jesus Christ who fasted forty days5 and forty nights in the wilderness and was tempted by the devil.6 The thirty-first year Jesus Christ was fed at the marriage-feast where He turned the water into wine.7 The thirty-second year after Christ, John the Baptist was imprisoned and his head was cut off on the prayer of the daughter of Herodias. The thirty-third year, Jesus Christ suffered, and He rose from death to life8 and He ascended into the heavens. The thirty-fourth year, James the son of Alphæus was made bishop in Jerusalem; he was ordained by the apostles. And the Apostle Peter placed his chair at Antioch. The thirty-fifth year, Stephen the Martyr was stoned to death with stones, and Paul the Apostle was turned to belief9 on the road going to Damascus,103 and Cassius the Wise died of want and nakedness10 until / there were no decent clothes to cover him with. The thirty-sixth year after the birth of Christ, Persius the Wise was born, and Herod Agrippa, nephew of Herodias, was arrested by Tiberius the Emperor of Rome, and was put in prison there. The thirty-seventh year, Tiberius the Emperor died and Gaius became
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emperor in Rome after him, and he took Herod as his confidant, and delivered him from prison, and he gave him three parts of the land of Judaea1 and caused him to be called king. The thirty-ninth year Gaius asked to be honored as a god, and he bade Petronius King of Syria2 make a statue of him and place3 it in the temple of Jerusalem, to be honored by the Jews; and Petronius did not venture to do it for fear of the Jews. The fortieth year after the birth of Christ,4 Mathew the Evangelist5 was writing the gospels / in the land of Judaea.1103b The forty-third year after Christ, Cymbeline died and the kingdom fell into the hand of his son Gwyder.6

And after Gwyder had been made king, he strengthened himself in his kingdom and withheld the tribute from the Romans. And after he had been thus for fourteen years Gloyw Caesar, or Claudius in the other language, came to the Isle of Britain and a great army with him.7 And after they had landed they came to Porchester, and fought boldly and fiercely against the citadel. And after they had seen that they had no success in fighting against the citadel, they closed the gates of the city with a stone wall to try to shut up all those who were within until they died of hunger. And when Gwyder8 knew this, he assembled his army and came there and fought boldly and fiercely with the Romans, and he himself killed more of them than the greater part of his army did.9 And when Hamon the Deceiver10 who had previously learned the language11 from the hostages from the Isle of Britain
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in the land of Rome, saw the courage and the cruelty of Gwyder to the men of Rome,104 and knew that unless he could be resisted his right arm / would kill too many of their numbers, and he threw away his own armor from off him and he took the armor of one of the Britons who had been killed; and he went among the troops in the guise