Speculum Style Sheet (Rev. February 2013)

Most of the prescriptions that follow are concerned with citation style. For matters not discussed here, authors should refer to recent issues of the journal. For usage issues not found in Speculum, authors should consult the 16th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style. The general principle is to provide readers with complete information in as brief a citation as proper form allows. The guiding principle for citations is maximum clarity for the reader. When in doubt, the author should err on the side of providing more, rather than less, information.

Primary sources

Models for the citation of classical and medieval works are the following:

1. Medieval Author, Opus 2.4.1, ed. Modern Editor (City: Publ, 1990), 135.

2. Medieval Author, Opus 2.4.1, ed. Editor, 135.

3. Medieval Author, Opus 2.4.1.

4. Medieval Author, Opus 2.4.1, l. 5.

5. Medieval Author, Opus 2.4.1, p. 135.

6. Matt. 5.21; 1 Cor. 2.12.

Note 1 is a standard first citation. The subdivisions of the medieval work follow the title without intervening punctuation, in descending order, separated by periods. For example, Opus is divided into books, sections, and chapters, and the sample citation should be read as book 2, section 4, chapter 1.

Once the edition of a work has been provided in the first citation, subsequent references are shortened as in note 2, or even more as in notes 3, 4, or 5. The nature of the work and its editorial history will determine which version is required.

Note 6 shows standard biblical citations, which likewise use periods as the divider between subdivisions, in this instance between chapter and verse.

If the reader might have difficulty deciphering this system as it applies to a given work, the reference should be spelled out in full.

Secondary works

Models for the citation of secondary works are the following:

1. John Doe, Book Title (City: Publisher, 1995), 27–31.

2. Jane Smith, "Article Title,” Journal 24 (1992): 2–14.

3. Doe, Short Title, 76; Smith, "Short Title,” 9.

The abbreviations "p.” and "pp.” are not used unless necessary to disambiguate from vols., lines, etc. Provide inclusive pages rather than "f.” or "ff.”

Article Footnotes: Books Citations

Authors’ names should be cited as they appear on the title page. Do not abbreviate given names to initials. Author’s names that use initials should be set solid: J.R.R. Tolkien.

To ease the finding and acquisition of books and to disambiguate editions, publishers’ names should be included. If the publisher lists more than one location, it is usually sufficient to cite only the first location in the list. The conventional English form of place-names should be given ("Turin,” not "Torino”; "Munich,” not "München”), with the addition of the country or state only if required for clarity (Cambridge, MA or Cambridge, UK).

Use US postal-code abbreviations for states: AK, AL, CA, NY, MA; use UK for any of the regions of the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and to disambiguate cities of the same name: Cambridge, MA; Cambridge, UK. Use US abbreviations only when location may be unclear: Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2010; New York: Columbia University Press, 2010; San Francisco: City Lights Press, 2010; Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010; Oxford: University of Mississippi Press, 2010; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010; Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2010.

Exception: Book Review Citations

Dates alone are required to establish the priority of the work cited: "Joel B. Altman’s The Improbability of Othello: Rhetorical Anthropology and Shakespearean Selfhood (2010) magisterially unfolds …”

Numbers:

Use Arabic numerals for volume, part, and section numbers for journals, for volume numbers and other subdivisions in a series, for multivolume works, for subdivisions of classical and medieval texts.

Use Roman numerals when the original work uses them for page numbers, and for manuscript shelf marks, where the usage of the library should be followed as much as possible.

For general guidelines on numbers consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 463–86.

Simplest form

Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 18–19, 92–93, 118–19.

[Note: page references are separated by "n” dashes, not hyphens.]

Later editions and reprints

Frank Barlow, The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042–1216, 5th ed. (London: Longman, 1999), 224–26.

Charles H. Beeson, A Primer of Medieval Latin: An Anthology of Prose and Poetry (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1925; repr. 1986), 25–27.

Multiple volumes

Max Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, 3 vols. (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1911–31), 1:78. [The citation is to volume 1, page 78.]

Monographs in a series

Arno Borst, Die Katharer. Schriften der Monumenta Germaniae Historica 12 (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1953), 112–15. [Series information is sometimes essential for locating books and ought to be included in such cases; the series should always be included when there is a series number.]

Edited or translated works

Hildegard of Bingen, The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen, trans. Joseph L. Baird and Radd K. Ehrman, 3 vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994–2004), 1:34–35. [Here the abbreviation "trans.” means "translated by” and does not change when there is more than one translator.]

Emil Friedberg, ed., Corpus iuris canonici, 2 vols. (Leipzig: B. Tauchnitz, 1879–81), 2:lxiv. [Here the abbreviation "ed.” means "editor”; the plural is "eds.”]

Georges Duby, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, trans. Jane Dunnet (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), ii, 25.

[Here the comma indicates pages ii and 25.]

Foreign titles

In Latin titles capitalize only the first word, proper nouns, and proper adjectives. In French, Italian, and Spanish titles capitalize only the first word and proper nouns. Follow the prevailing rules for the given language in the capitalization of other foreign titles. Titles in non-Roman alphabets are to be transliterated as well.

Titles in languages other than classical and medieval Latin and Greek, French, Italian, German, and Spanish may be translated. The translation follows the title in square brackets and is not italicized; only the first word and proper nouns and adjectives are capitalized.

Boris Poršnev, Feodalism i narodnye massy [Feudalism and the masses] (Moscow: Nauka, 1964), 22–50.

Subsequent references:

Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals, 97.

Use short titles rather than "op. cit.” "Ibid.” may be used for successive references to the same work within a single note; it may also be used for a work cited in the immediately preceding note when only one work is listed in the prior note.

If the work by Reynolds is cited frequently throughout the article—and is the only work by that author cited—the first reference may include the indication "hereafter cited as Reynolds.” Subsequent references take the form "Reynolds, 97.”

Articles

Do not abbreviate journal titles. One of the few exceptions is PMLA, where the abbreviation has become the main title of the journal.

When an article is cited more than once, give full page references in the first citation; otherwise it is acceptable to cite only the relevant page(s).

Anne Walters Robertson, "The Mass of Guillaume de Machaut in the Cathedral of Reims,” in Plainsong in the Age of Polyphony, ed. Thomas Forest Kelly, Cambridge Studies in Performance Practice 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 100–139, at 135.

Anna Carlotta Dionisotti, "On Bede, Grammars, and Greek,” Revue bénédictine 92 (1982): 129.

Robert Bourgeois, "La théorie de la connaissance intellectuelle chez Henri de Gand,” Revue de philosophie, n.s. 6 (1936): 238–59.

Subsequent references:

Robertson, 106.

Dionisotti, 129.

Bourgeois, 245

[Note: the above three references presume there are no other works cited by any of these three authors. If there were, use the following short-title system]

Robertson, "Mass,” 106.

Dionisotti, "On Bede,” 129.

Bourgeois, "La théorie,” 245.

Manuscripts and archival material

Both in the text and in the notes the abbreviation "MS” (plural "MSS,” no period) is used only when it precedes a shelf mark. Cite the shelf mark according to the practice of the given library. Folio numbers should include a recto/verso reference, abbreviated and written on the line, not as a superscript. The abbreviation of "folio” is "fol.” (plural "fols.”).

The first reference to a manuscript should give the place-name, the name of the library, and the shelf mark:

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS lat. 4117, fols. 108v–145r.

Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vat. lat. 6055, fols. 151r–228v.

Subsequent references:

BnF lat. 4117, fol. 108r. [If the context allows, "lat. 4117” may be sufficient.]

Vat. lat. 6055, fol. 151r.

References to archival material should give the place-name, the name of the archive, the institution, and the shelf mark:

Venice, Archivio di Stato, S. Lorenzo di Venezia, B. 21

Ancient and Medieval Works

For canonical collections, registers, and other specialized texts, the prevailing abbreviations and style of citation should be used. In citing standard editions of poetry it is often sufficient to cite line numbers without page references. However, when citing a particular edition, page references may be employed.

Bede, Historia ecclesiastica 2.3, ed. and trans. Bertram Colgrave and R.A.B. Mynors (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), 142–45.

Dante, Inferno 11.13–14, trans. Mark Musa, Dante’s Inferno (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1995), 89.

The Battle of Maldon, ll. 42–61, ed. D.G. Scragg (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1981), 58–59.

Marie de France, Le Chaitivel, ll. 231–32, ed. Jean Rychner, Les Lais de Marie de France. Les Classiques Français du Moyen Âge 93 (Paris: H. Champion, 1966; repr. 1971).

Subsequent references

Bede, Historia ecclesiastica 3.16, pp. 262–63. [note: pp. abbreviation is used here to disambiguate the reference.]

Inferno 3.58–60, p. 35. [note: p. abbreviation is used here to disambiguate the reference.]

Battle of Maldon, ll. 312–19, p. 67.

Le Chaitivel, ll. 9–180.

Recurring references to primary sources may sometimes be treated economically within the text.

Series of Primary Sources

Titles of such collections and abbreviations thereof are not italicized. The abbreviations CCCM and CCSL (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis and Series Latina), MGH (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, and the titles of its various sections: for these, see http://www.mgh.de/dmgh/linking/kuerzel/), and PL (Migne’s Patrologia Latina) need not be explained, although full publication information should otherwise be given; the names of other collections should be given in full when first cited. The volume number and page number are separated by a colon, with no space between the elements.

PL 123:347.

MGH SS 13:229. [Scriptores, volume 13, page 229.]

MGH Capit. 1:263. [Leges, Capitularia regum Francorum, volume 1, page 263.]

MGH Conc. 2.1:131 [Leges, Concilia, volume 2, part 1, page 131.]

Full citation of an edited work in a series

Alcuin, Vita Willibrordi, ed. Wilhelm Levison, MGH SS rer. Merov. 7 (Hannover: MGH, 1920), 113–41.

Other Matters

1. Modern authors: The first mention of a modern author in the text should include the given name (or initials, if that is the author’s preferred form). Set author’s initials solid: J.R.R. Tolkien.

2. Notes: Notes should be succinct and should be confined to material necessary to support assertions in the text. Footnotes should be avoided in reviews.

3. Abbreviations: The period should not be omitted after abbreviations. French place-names containing "Saint” are normally spelled out, and the hyphen is essential: "Saint-Denis.”

4. Italics and quotation marks: Isolated words and phrases in foreign languages should be italicized.

• Short quotations should be in roman type within quotation marks, but quotations of more than a hundred words of prose or of more than two lines of poetry should be treated as block quotations (typed double-spaced and indented, without quotation marks).

• Single quotation marks are reserved for quotations within quotations. 

• Block quotations should be set indented, as extracts.  Both original language and English translation (if provided) should be set in Roman (no italics) without brackets.

• Scholarly reference words. Words and abbreviations, such as "et al.,” "ibid.” "passim,” "e.g.,” "i.e.,” and "c.” [circa] should not be italicized. The only exception is "[sic].” Note that "cf.” means "compare” and should not be used when "see” or "see also” is the accurate expression. [Note: both e.g. ("for example”) and i.e. ("that is”) are followed by a comma.]

• Dates. Use the form "1390s,” not "1390’s” or spelled out. Centuries should be spelled out; the adjectival form requires a hyphen, as in "twelfth-century manuscript.”

Approximate dates: c.1200–c.1500 [c. and set solid, dates divided by an "n” dash]

Date spans: "1200–1254”, but "from 1200 to 1254.” Or "1215–17,” but "from 1215 to 1217.”

Italian centuries: current usage lowercases terms such as trecento, quattrocento as both nouns and adjectives.

• Capitalization. "Middle Ages” is capitalized, but "medieval” is not. "Church” is generally lowercased, unless it is part of the official name of a denomination or building, or unless it refers to the universal Church. "Bible” is capitalized, but "biblical” is not.

Citation practice in brief:

The author is responsible for the accuracy of quotations and citations, which should be verified before the manuscript is submitted. Speculum will not fact-check your submission and readers will consider accuracy of detail in their reviews.

The guiding principle for citations is maximum clarity for the reader rather than brevity. When in doubt, the author should err on the side of providing more rather than less information.

Arabic numerals are to be used for volume, part, and section numbers. This is true for journal volume numbers, for volume numbers and other subdivisions in a series, and for volume numbers in a multivolume work. It is also true for the subdivisions of classical and medieval texts.

Roman numerals are retained when the original work uses them for page numbers. They are also retained for manuscript shelf marks, where as much as possible the usage of the library should be followed.

Art Specifications:

If an accepted article includes illustrations, the author will be responsible for supplying high-quality TIFF files and permissions to reproduce them in print and online. Specifications are: 300 ppi color or greyscale TIFFS for images, 600 ppi for line art (drawings, graphs, maps, etc.). Please supply TIFF images, not JPGs or any other format. Please do not send images embedded into PDF, MSWord, or any other files. Images should be submitted at the largest dimensions available for the ppi specified. Please supply multiple images on (non-returnable) disk or via other memory media (including USB sticks). Please do not use "zip" or other compression tools. Color images will be converted here into greyscale for print but processed in color for online publication.

General guidelines:

For these and other matters consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).